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KING EDWARD VI. 
From an Engraving by H. T. Syall after the Fainting at Petworth. 



KING EDWAKD YI 



AN APPRECIATION 



ATTEMPTED BY 



SIR CLEMENTS R. MARKHAM, K.C.B. 



TFITil SIXTEEN PORTRAITS 



NEW YOEK : E. P. DUTTON & COMPANY 

31 WEST TWENTY-THIRD STREET 

LONDON : SMITH, ELDER, & CO. 
1908 



DA345- 



BEQUEST 
RT REV , JUUUB W. ATWODD 






PREFACE 

^ The reign of King Edward VI. in our histories 
^ is the reign of Somerset and the reign of North- 
umberland, not the reign of Edward, who is 
left in the background, quite overshadowed by 
less noteworthy personages. The result of my 
studies has been the conviction that the young 
King was by no means a cypher. He early began 
to use his great learning, to show his clear insight 
into affairs, and before the close of his life he 
was making his influence felt. 

Any account of those times must needs give 
much space to the proceedings of Seymours and 
Dudleys, and of their colleagues, v: But Edward 
ought to be the principal character in this history, 
for he had become so, or was rapidly becoming so 
in reality. In the following attempt to give an 



vi KING EDWAED VI 

appreciation of his place in history, chapters are 
devoted to his performance of the duties of the 
kingly office, to his regal receptions, to his religious 
reforms, to his study of affairs of State, to his 
study of geography and promotion of commerce, 
to his captaincy of games, to his progress through 
Hampshire and Wiltshire, and to his last illness. 

His sister Elizabeth was destined to build the 
fair edifice for which Edward had laid the founda- 
tions. The purified national Church, the most 
catholic and most tolerant of all attempts to 
approach the divine original, was the inception 
of Edward and his advisers. The maritime 
expeditions, which were the direct causes of 
England's commercial and colonial greatness, 
date from the encouragement given by Edward 
and his friend Sydney to Sir Hugh Willoughby's 
enterprise. The influence of the founder may 
be traced in other departments of State, and 
was certainly appreciated by Elizabeth. 

Everything that relates to Edward VI. and 
his writings has already been collected and arranged 
in the exhaustive volumes printed for the Rox- 



PEEFACE vn 

burghe Club by Mr. J. G. Nichols in 1857. It is a 
splendid monograph. I have thought that a 
brief narrative might induce some who may read 
it to turn to that fuller supply of information, 
when I feel sure that they will concur in my con- 
clusions, and that all readers will be led to appreciate 
more highly the fine character of young King 
Edward. 



CONTENTS 



CHAPTEE I 

BIRTH AND EDUCATION 

PAGE 

A mistaken estimate of character 2 

Christening ........... 3 

Death of the mother. Infancy 4 

Nurses. Step-mother 5 

Separate household . 5 

Tutors. Sir A. Cooke. Dr. Cox 6 

Dr. Cheke 6 

French. Music. Letters . . . . . . . . 7 

Barnaby 8 

The Brandon boys 9 

Other companions. Amusements 9, 10 

Relations. Sister Elizabeth 10 

Cousins 11 

The Prince described by Mr. Thomas 11, 12 

Latin exercises. Lines on the Eucharist .... 12 

CHAPTEE II 

THE INHERITANCE 

Consequences of usurpation 17 

Despotism confirmed by Parliament 20 

All that can be said of Henry VIII 20, 21 

Injustice to Ministers. Dudley, Wolsey, Cromwell . 21, 22, 23 



KING EDWARD VI 



Henry's coarse treatment of women 
Abolition of papal usurpation . . 
Unjust executions. Suppression of Monasteries 
Confiscation. Robbery. Vagrancy . 
Cruel persecution ...... 

Enclosures 

Misgovernment. Debts 

Debasing the currency .... 

Unprincipled politicians 

The tyrant's death 



PAGE 

24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
28-30 
30 
30 
31 
31 



CHAPTER III 

THE TWO UNCLES 

Edward Seymour. Early career 33 

Made Earl of Hertford 34 

Military commands ........ 35 

Wives. Son 35 

Henry's will 36 

Plotting with Paget 36 

Thomas Seymour. Early career 37 

His character 38 

CHAPTER IV 

THE EXECUTORS 
The Executors : 

Paget, 40 ; Herbert, 41 ; Russell, 42 ; Parr, 42 ; Paulet, 
43 ; Arundel, 43 ; Wriothesley, 43 ; Rich, 44 ; Southwell, 
44 ; Wingfield, &c, 44 ; Browne, Sadleir, Peckham, 45 ; 
Cranmer, 46; Secretaries of State, 47, 48. 



CHAPTER V 

THE CORONATION 

The King proclaimed 50 

Meeting of Executors. The Protector 51 

Creations and promotions 52 



CONTENTS 



XI 



PAGE 

Creation of Knights . 53 

Procession through the City ....... 53 

Coronation. The acclamation 54 

Administration of the oaths ....... 55 

The anointing 56 

The crowning and homage 57 

The household under Somerset . 58 

The Protector's Duchess 59 



CHAPTER VI 

RULE OP THE PROTECTOR SOMERSET 

War with Scotland 70 

Meeting of Parliament . . . . . . . . 71 

Destroying the evil inheritance ...... 72 

Unconstitutional proceedings . . . . . . . 73 

Somerset's insatiable rapacity ....... 73 

The enclosure question 74 

Cause of Somerset's fall 75 



CHAPTEE VII 



THE FRATRICIDE 



Thomas Lord Sudeley and Catherine Parr 

Lord Sudeley's proceedings 

Lady Jane Grey and Catherine Parr 

King Edward and his uncle Thomas . 

Arrest of Lord Sudeley . 

Charges relating to the King 

„ ,, ,, forming a party 

„ „ „ conduct as admiral 

Sudeley's demand for a fair trial 

Death of Sudeley .... 

Somerset's responsibility 

Latimer's unfeeling sermon 

Harington's character of Lord Sudeley 



76 
77 
77 
78 
79 
80 
81 
82 
83 
84 
84 
85 



Xll 



KING EDWARD VI 



CHAPTER VIII 

THE FALL OP SOMERSET 

PAGE 

Suppression of insurrections ...... 87, 88 

Warwick's operations in Norfolk 89 

Warwick at Ely Place. The King and Somerset at Hampton 

Court 89 

Somerset to be dismissed 91 

Somerset's panic. Night ride to Windsor .... 91 

Injury to the King's health 92 

Arrest of Somerset 93 

Generous treatment of Somerset 94 



CHAPTER IX 



JOHN DUDLEY 



Treatment by historians . 
Paternal ancestry. The Suttons 
Maternal ancestry. Viscounts Lisle 
Widow and orphans of Edmund Dudley 
Guardianship of Sir E. Guilford 
Early career of John Dudley 
Created Admiral and Viscount Lisle 
Lisle's Naval Tactics. 
Lord Lisle's plan of attack 
Flight of the French fleet . 
Services during Somerset's rule 
Marriage and children 
Canon Dixon on Northumberland . 



95 
96 
97 



. 98 

. 99 

. 99 
100-102 

. 101 

. 102 

. 102 

. 103 

. 104 



CHAPTER X 

RULE OF THE COUNCIL 

Composition of the new Council 106 

Promotions and creations 107 

Position of Northumberland 108 

Peace with France 109 

Wisdom of the peace 110 

Protestant policy 110 



CONTENTS xin 

PAGE 

Laws strictly enforced 110 

Repair of fortified places ........ 112 

The navy under Clinton 112 

The debased currency 113 

Council's care for its own safety 114 



CHAPTER XI 

A KING AT LAST 

Household appointments 118 

Reception of French Ambassadors 119 

Reception of Mary of Guise 119-122 

Death of the young Brandons 122-124 

CHAPTEE XII 

KELIGIOUS REFORMS. SERMONS BEFORE THE KING, ETC. 

The King's careful education ....... 125 

Cranmer and the Liturgy ........ 126 

First Prayer Book 126 

Foreign divines 127 

Second Prayer Book ........ 128 

Latimer's sermons 130-132 

Edward's hatred of persecution 132 

Dr. Nowell's catechism 133 

Revision of Statutes of the Garter 134 

Endowments 135 

CHAPTEE XIII 

KING EDWARD AS A STATESMAN 

Edward's Journal 137 

The diplomatists .......... 138 

Mr. W. Thomas 138 

Political instruction ......... 139 

The King's study 140-142 

King Edward's documents 143 



xiv KING EDWAED VI 

CHAPTEE XIV 

EXECUTION OF SOMEKSET 



PAGE 



The plot 145 

Plot betrayed by Palmer 146 

Evidence. Trial by his Peers 147 

A melancholy story 148 

Correct conduct of Edward 149 

CHAPTEK XV 

EDWARD VI AS A GEOGRAPHER 

Alfred and Edward 152 

Astronomical instruments 153 

Instruction from Sebastian Cabot . . . . . . 1 53 

Conversations with Cardan . . . . . . . . 154 

The Ptolemy of 1548 154 

Clement Adams 154 

Leland. Pilotage. Fortifications ...... 155 

Levant and Morocco voyages 156, 157 

Thomas's translation of Barbaro 157 

The first Arctic Expedition 158 

Departure of Sir Hugh Willoughby 160 

CHAPTEE XVI 

KING EDWARD AS CAPTAIN OF GAMES 

The King's sisters 1 66 

Lady Jane Grey 167 

Sir John Cheke's illness 168, 169 

Edward's intimate friends . 169, 170 

' Triumphs ' organised by the King 171 

Games after the weddings at Sheen 171, 172 

Sports on the river 172 

Edward wins a running race 173 

Edward wins at ' rovers ' 173 

Running at the ring . 174 

Archers of the Guard 174 

Challenges fought out 175, 176 

A very jolly Christmas 177 



CONTENTS XV 
CHAPTER XVII 

THE PROGRESS 

PAGE 

Barnaby goes to France 178 

Arrangements for Barnaby in France ..... 179 
Arrangements for the progress . . . . . .180 

Petworth to Portsmouth 180 

Titchfield to Christchurch 181 

Salisbury, Wilton, Winchester, Basing 182 

Success of the progress 182 

Return of Barnaby 183 

Movements of Edward VI 184 

CHAPTER XVIII 

DEATH OF KING EDWARD VI 

Crushing of well-founded hopes 186 

The King's illness 187 

Dismay of Northumberland 187 

Decision to alter the succession 188 

A fatal blunder 189 

Lady Jane Grey to be Queen 189 

The case placed before the King 190 

The King consents . 191 

The Letters Patent 192 

Notables agree to Jane's accession 193 

Last prayer of Edward VI 194 

The last scene of all 195 

Edward's will 196 

Reflections on Edward's will 196 

Funeral 197-199 

Portraits 200 

CHAPTER XIX 

THE MARIAN TERROR. FATE OF KING EDWARD'S 
RELATIONS AND FRIENDS 

Edward's hopes and plans 205 

Failure of Northumberland's attempt 206 

Northumberland's fall 207 



xvi KING EDWARD VI 

PAGE 

Dudley's great services ........ 208 

Temporary destruction of King Edward's good work . . 209 

Wholesale slaughter 210 

Queen Jane 210 

Persecution of Elizabeth 211 

Lord Paget's interference ....... 212 

Religious persecution 212 

Cranmer's martyrdom ........ 213 

Fate of Sir John Cheke 213,214 

Escape of Gentlemen of Edward's household. Acquittal of 

Throgmorton 214, 215 

Fate of Mr. Thomas 215 

End of the terror 216 



CHAPTER XX 

bdward's sister ' temperance ' 

First measures of the Queen . . . . . . . 218 

Adoption of Edward's plans ....... 219 

Restitution to the Dudleys ....... 219 

Exiled clergy welcomed ........ 219 

Restitution to Edward's friends .... 220, 221 

Sir Henry Sydney ......... 221 

Barnaby 222 

The end 223 



CHAPTER XXI 

AUTHORITIES 

King Edward's own writings ....... 227 

Mr. Thomas. Work for the King 228 

Strype, Fuller, Burnet 228, 229 

Barnaby letters 230 

Stow, Foxe, Holinshed, Hayward, Nichols, Tytler , . 230, 231 

Index 233 



ILLUSTRATIVE LISTS AND PEDIGREES 



The Edwards, Kings of England 



Legitimate royal descent of Edward VI 14 

Relations of Edward VI 14-16 

List of Henry's sixteen Executors 38 

Twelve Privy Councillors as Assistants ..... 39 

Knights of the Garter of Edward VI 60 

Forty Knights of the Bath made at the Coronation . . 61 

Fifty-five Knights of the Carpet made at the Coronation . . 62 

Seize Quartiers of Edward VI ...... 63 

Peerage of Edward VI.— Old Nobility . . . .64,65 

Tudor creations .... 66 

Creations during the minority . . 67 

Great Officers of State, 1549-1553 68 

Officers of the Household ........ 69 

The Young Dudleys ..... . . 104 

List of the Council, 1549-1553 114 

Money of Edward VI 116 

King Edward's Bishops 136 

List of Peers who sat on Somerset's Trial . . . .150 

King Edward's Arctic Expedition : 

Crew of the Bona Esperanza . . . . 161 

Crew of the Edward Bonaventure . . . 1 62 

Crew of the Bona Confidentia . . . . . . 163 

Alphabetical Index of crews ...... 164 

Letters from the King to Barnaby . 183 

Letters from Barnaby ........ 184 

Movements of King Edward VI ....... 184 

List of Notables of the Realm (eighty-seven) who declared for 

Queen Jane 202-204 

Marian Bishops* 217 

Sydney Pedigree 225 

Pedigree of Barnaby 226 



PAGE 

13 



LIST OF PORTRAITS 



King Edward VI Frontispiece 

Queen Jane Seymour To face p. 4 



Sir John Cheke, Kt 

Queen Catherine Parr .... 
William, First Lord Paget .... 
John Russell, Earl of Bedford 

Sir Thomas Smith, Kt 

Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset 
Thomas, Lord Seymour of Sudeley . 
John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland 
Nicholas Ridley, Bishop of London . 
Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury 
William Paulet, Marquis of Winchester . 

Lady Jane Grey 

Henry Grey, Duke of Suffolk . 

Queen Mary 



6 

10 

40 

42 

48 

70 

86 

98 

111 

126 

148 

206 

210 

216 



KING EDWAED VI 



BIRTH AND EDUCATION 

The story of the cutting short of a young life, 
in which high and well-founded hopes centred, 
must needs be a sad story. Yet there must be 
much in it which makes it worthy of record. Our 
young King Edward, the friend of Sydney, and 
Prince Henry Stuart, 1 the friend of Raleigh, 
were alike in something more than their early 
deaths. With both bright hopes for the future 

1 Edward VII. (called IV.) 
Elizabeth 



I I 

Henry Margaret 

I 
i 

Countess of Lennox 

I 
Edward IX. (called VI.) Henry Lord Darnley 

I 
James 

Prince Henry Stuart 
B 



2 KING EDWAED VI 

came to an end. Both worked diligently and 
had lofty aims for the good of their country. Both 
showed strong individuality far in excess of any 
inherited qualities. Above all, both were born 
geographers and ardent lovers of exploring enter- 
prise. Under the auspices of Edward, the Eussian 
trade by the White Sea was opened. Under the 
auspices of Henry, Hudson's Bay was explored. 

Historians are pleased to call young Edward 
precocious in a depreciatory sense, as if there was 
something unnatural in what is told of him. But 
all that is recorded is perfectly natural. He was 
as fond of games and of fun as any other boy of 
his age. But he was placed in a position of great 
responsibility and extreme difficulty. In such 
circumstances he rose to the occasion. He was 
surrounded by unprincipled self-seeking politicians, 
and he saw through them. There is nothing 
precocious in that. Any educated, intelligent, 
and well-conditioned lad would have done the 
same. In such a position youth has a great 
advantage over age. The latter has experience, 
but often of a baneful kind. The former has 
clearer judgment, higher aims, and an intuition 
of the truth, qualities which are not precocious, 
but which were worth all the artful scheming 



BIRTH AND EDUCATION 3 

and experience of the whole of his unprincipled 
Council put together. 

Queen Jane Seymour was married on May 20, 
1536, and Edward was born on October 12, 1537. 
The newborn prince was of legitimate royal 
descent on the mother's side. 1 The christening 
took place in great state on October 15. The 
Prince's titles were declared by Garter — ' Duke of 
Cornwall and Earl of Chester.' The Marchioness 
of Exeter carried the child under a canopy, Mrs. 
Jackson, the nurse, keeping close behind. Little 
sister Elizabeth, borne in the arms of Edward 
Seymour, held the chrysm. The font, which was 
of solid silver, was kept by Sir J. Russell, Sir F. 
Bryan, Sir A. Carew, and Sir A. Browne, with 
aprons and towels. The Godfathers were the 
Archbishop of Canterbury, the Duke of Norfolk, 
and the Duke of Suffolk. The Godmother was the 

1 Not on the father's side. The elder Henry Tydder, or Tudor 
(he never was Earl of Richmond), had no legitimate royal descent. 
He usurped the crown, and married Elizabeth, an illegitimate 
daughter of Edward IV., to strengthen his position. But to secure 
this object he had to destroy the evidence of the illegitimacy of the 
children of Edward IV. This he did with great diligence, and by 
the unscrupulous use of power. He succeeded as regards his own 
time; but these proceedings gave his son no title. The son pro- 
bably knew the truth, and this accounts for his unrelenting ferocity 
whenever he found an excuse for slaughtering a descendant of the 
old royal family. Edward VI. was independent of all this. His 
title was a Parliamentary one, and indisputable. 

b 2 



4 KING EDWAED VI 

child's half-sister Mary. It was Mary who held 
the child at the font. 1 

On October 24 Queen Jane died. 2 The funeral 
took place on November 13 at Windsor, Mary 
Tudor and Frances Brandon being the chief 
mourners. Little Edward became motherless 
when he was twelve days old. The infant prince 
passed his first years at the royal manor near 
Romford in Essex, called Havering-atte-Bower ; 
and later at Hunsdon in Hertfordshire. His head 
nurse was Sybill Penne, a young widow, daughter 
of Sir Hugh Pagenham, and sister-in-law of William 
Sydney. The second nurse was Mrs. Jackson. 
Edward always called her ' Mother Jack.' Her 
portrait by Holbein gives us the idea of a handsome 
woman, with a pleasant expression. There were 
four rockers or nursery maids, who all had pensions 
while Edward was alive. Dr. G. Owen had the 



1 But Edward omitted her name in his Journal. Mary had 
been allowed to come to Court again in July 1536, after having 
signed a solemn declaration that the Pope's pretended authority 
and jurisdiction in England were usurped, and that her mother's 
marriage was, by God's law, incestuous and unlawful. 

2 Wednesday, October 24, MS. in the Heralds' Office quoted by 
Strype. Stow, Herbert, and Holinshed give the 12th for the date 
of the Queen's death. (See Strype, Eccl. Mem. II. Part I. p. 10.) 
Strype is certainly right, for Jane survived the christening, which 
was on the 15th. 




QUEEN JANE SEYMOUR. 

From an Engraving by H. Robinson after the Painting by Holbein. 



BIETH AND EDUCATION 5 

post of physician, retaining it until Edward's 
death. 

The child inherited his mother's beauty, her 
blue eyes and perfect features. In his very early 
years he found a second mother in his step-mother, 
Catherine Parr. This Queen had been a West- 
morland beauty in her youth. She had been 
married to Lord Burgh, then to Lord Latimer, 
but was childless ; and on July 12, 1543, she 
became the sixth wife of Henry VIII. By her 
wise and judicious conduct she kept her head on 
her shoulders during the four and a half years of 
her married life. She was a very charming lady, 
kind-hearted and accomplished, and most anxious 
to befriend her husband's motherless children. 
Little Edward, with his sister Elizabeth, paid 
pleasant visits to her at Hampton Court, and one 
at Oking in 1544. 

In the same year, at the age of six, Edward 
was taken from the care of women, and a household 
was appointed for him, with tutors and young 
companions. His first Chamberlain was William 
Sydney, his nurse's brother-in-law. His first 
Steward was Sir John Cornwallis, who died at 
Ashridge, while in attendance, on August 23, 1544. 
His Cofferer was John Ryder. 



6 KING EDWAED VI 

Edward's homes, as a boy, were at Tytten- 
hanger, Hunsdon, Ashridge, Hatfield, and Hertford 
in Hertfordshire, and Ampthill in Bedfordshire. 

Sir Anthony Cooke was the Director of Instruc- 
tion. The senior tutor was Dr. Richard Cox, a 
native of Buckinghamshire, of low extraction. 
Cox was educated at Eton, and was afterwards 
Head Master there. It is said that the boys 
profited much from his diligent instruction. He 
was very learned and a convinced Protestant, 
helping Cranmer with the liturgy. Dr. Cox was 
Archdeacon of Ely, and in 1546 he became Dean 
of Christ Church. He taught the Prince religion 
and manners. 

Dr. John Cheke was born at Cambridge in 1514. 
His family came originally from the Isle of Wight. 
He became Greek Professor, and introduced the 
system of pronunciation which has since prevailed. 
In 1544 he came to Court, and was appointed 
Tutor to the Prince for classics and mathematics. 
He was made Provost of King's. Dr. Cheke 
also taught the Princess Elizabeth, brother and 
sister working together at Ampthill, and after- 
wards at Hatfield. Dr. Cheke read Aristotle's 
' Ethics ' in Greek with them. The brother and 
sister passed many happy days together, and 




SIR JOHN CHEKE, KT. 
From an Engraving bu James Fittler, AM. A., after a Drawing by 11". STcelton. 



BIETH AND EDUCATION 7 

Edward called Elizabeth ' his sweet sister Temper- 
ance.' 1 

Dr. Cheke first gave Edward his love for geo- 
graphy, and advised him to keep a diary of all 
occurrences of weight, advice which bore rich fruit. 
Roger Ascham taught the Prince to write, and Jean 
Belmaine was his tutor for the French language. 

The Prince was very fond of music, and had 
good instructors. Dr. Tye, a well-known com- 
poser in those days, was one. Dr. Sternhold, 
author of a metrical version of the Psalms, was 
another. Philip van Wilder taught the Prince to 
play on the lute, at which he became proficient. 

Young Edward was exceedingly fond of his 
studies, and showed grasp and quickness of per- 
ception which were remarkable in one so young. 
Several of his letters, written at this time, have 
been preserved. There are three to his step- 
mother, one in English, one in Latin, one in French, 
all written in 1546. There is one in Latin to 
Cranmer, a second Latin letter to Catherine Parr 
in 1547, letters to his sisters Mary and Elizabeth in 
Latin, and one to Henry VIII. in Latin, thanking 
him for presents of chains, rings, and seals. 2 

1 Camden, Introduction to the Annals of Elizabeth. 

2 Ellis, Original Letters, 1st Series. 



8 KING EDWAED VI 

Young Edward had several schoolfellows who 
lived with him at different times, and joined in 
his studies and his sports. The nearest and 
dearest was Barnaby Fitzpatrick, son and heir of 
the Lord of Upper Ossory. He was born in 1535, 
and was thus two years older than Edward. 
Young Barnaby was sent to the English Court, at 
an early age, as a pledge of his father's loyalty, 
and we first hear of him as taking a part in the 
funeral of Henry VIII. He was one of the nine 
boys, in black cloaks, hooded, and well mounted, 
who rode in the procession carrying the banners 
of Brutus, Belinus, Cadwallader, Arthur, Athelstan, 
Edmund, St. Edward, Edward exile, and England 
single. They were followed in the procession by 
Sir F. Bryan, Master of the Henchmen, 1 Sir Anthony 
Wingfield, Captain of the Guard, and Sir John 
Markham, who carried the banner of Lancaster. 

Barnaby was Edward's companion in his 
studies and at his sports. An affection grew up 
between them which was stronger than ordinary 
friendship, and which lasted until they were parted 
by death. 2 

1 The names of the other boys were Stourton, Kelingham, 
Le Strange, Denny, B,. Browne, Armour, J. Browne, and Cotton. 

2 Fuller says that Barnaby was Edward's whipping boy. The 
term he uses is ' proxy for correction.' He gives no authority, and 



BIRTH AND EDUCATION 9 

Other companions of Edward were Henry 
Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, and his brother Charles. 
They were not relations, but sons of his uncle-in- 
law, the Duke of Suffolk, by another mother, Lady 
Willoughby d'Eresby. They were very beautiful 
and most charming boys ; but their mother took 
them away to send them to Cambridge when they 
were still very young. Lord Charles Brandon 
was just Edward's age. The Prince had several 
other companions at one time or another. These 
were his cousin Edward Seymour, Lord Talbot 
(son of the Earl of Shrewsbury), Lord Fitzwarine 
(son of the Earl of Bath), Lord Maltravers (son of 
the Earl of Arundel), young Giles Paulet, Lord 
Lumley, Lord Thomas Howard, Lord Fitzwalter 
(son of the Earl of Sussex), the Earl of Ormonde, 
Lord Mountj oy and Lord Strange (son of the Earl 
of Derby), who was not so desirable a comrade as 
the others. 1 

If Edward was diligent at his studies, he was 

the story is not worthy of belief. The idea is very un-English. 
Fuller wrote in the days of the Stuarts, when it was known that 
James Stuart had had such a proxy. 

1 Lord Strange swore that he was employed as a spy by 
Somerset. Somerset swore that he was not. So that he was 
either a spy or a perjured liar ; in either case not a desirable com- 
rade for the Prince. It was in the blood. The treachery of the 
Stanleys ended the glorious dynasty of Plantagenets, and there 
was a Stanley traitor in the days of Elizabeth. 



10 KING EDWAED VI 

also a thorough young sportsman, and was for 
ever getting up matches among his comrades, 
and among the servants. He also amused himself 
very well indoors. We have a glimpse of his 
playing at cards with Jane Dormer, 1 and dancing 
with her. 

The young heir to the throne was not very 
fortunate as regards relations. His kind step- 
mother was the most beneficial to him, and he had 
occasionally stayed with her, but she died in 1548. 
His grandmother, Lady Seymour, was alive, and 
kept house for her son, Thomas Lord Sudeley, after 
his wife's death. His two aunts were married to 
Gregory Lord Cromwell, and to Sir Clement Smith. 
The Prince never felt much affection for his uncle 
Edward. Child as he was, he could see that this 
uncle was unreliable and self-seeking. Edward Sey- 
mour's wife was an awful woman with violent dis- 
likes, a shrewish temper, malignant and rapacious. 
Thomas Seymour was the Prince's favourite uncle, 
accomplished, good-natured, and always striving 
to make things pleasant for his nephew. His half- 
sister Elizabeth was his chosen companion before 
his accession, and he was also intimate with his 

1 Afterwards Duchess of Feria. Her mother was a Sydney, 
grandchild of young Edward's Chamberlain, Sir William Sydney- 




QUEEN CATHERINE PARR. 

From an Engraving by J. Cochran after the Painting by Holbein. 



BIETH AND EDUCATION 11 

young cousin, Jane Grey, who was his own age. 
Mary was over twenty years his senior. She was 
a narrow-minded bigot, though willing to recant 
and conceal her real opinions for the sake of a 
better position during her father's life. The warm- 
hearted brother seems to have had affectionate 
feelings towards her. A Latin letter from Edward 
to Mary has been preserved, dated from Hunsdon 
on May 8, 1546. 

Edward saw his cousins occasionally, the 
Countess of Lennox, the Countess of Cumberland, 
and the Marchioness of Dorset — mother of Jane 
Grey. But these ladies were many years his 
seniors. His Seymour and Wentworth cousins 
were nearer his own age, and the elder Seymour 
boys enjoyed his intimacy. 

Edward increased in years and learning, sur- 
rounded by some near relations and many friends, 
for all who knew the generous princely boy could 
not fail to love him. Never was there brighter 
promise for England. Alas ! for the disappoint- 
ment. 

William Thomas, afterwards Clerk of the 
Council, described young Edward at this time. 
1 He is the beautifullest creature that liveth under 
the sun, the wittiest, the most amiable, and the 



12 KING EDWAED VI 

gentlest thing of all the world. Such a capacity 
for learning that it is a wonder to hear say. Finally 
he hath such a grace of feature and gesture that 
it would seem he were already a father, and yet 
passeth he not the age of ten years.' 

NOTE. 

Edward's Latin and other Exercises. 

The ' Orationes ' are Edward's exercises in Latin. 
Following the scheme of Erasmus, they consist of an 
exordium, narratio, divisio, confirmatio, distributio, and 
peroratio. Oratio XI. is on astronomy. 

MS. Harl. 5087 is 'The King's Copy-book.' Two- 
thirds of it consist of Latin exercises. The rest letters. 

There are three religious compilations in French : — 

1. 'Passages against Idola-'\ 

try,' 72 texts of the Old I Now in the Library, Trinity 

Testament (Burnet, II. i College, Cambridge. 

Book ii. p. 63) j 

2. ' On Faith ' . . In the British Museum. 

8. ' Papal Supremacy ' . Public Library, Cambridge. 

Some lines on the Eucharist are attributed to Edward. 

' I say that Christ, His flesh and blood, 
Is there continually, 
Unto our souls a special food, 
Taking it spiritually. 

' Not with our teeth the flesh to tare, 
Not take blood for drink ; 
Too great absurdity it were 
So grossly for to think.' 



THE EDWAEDS, KINGS OF ENGLAND 

Alfred (the Great) 

I 



Athelstan 



Edward I. (Elder) 



Edmund I. 



Edred 



Edwig 



Edgar 



Edward II. 
(Martyr) 



Ethelred 



Edward III. 
(Confessor) 



Edmund II. (Ironsides) 
Edward (exile) 
Margaret (Queen of Scotland) 
Edith (called Maud, Queen of England) 

Maud (Empress). 

I 
Henry II. 



Richard I. 



John 



Maud — Henry the Lion 
I 
William of Winchester 



Henry III. 

I 
Edward IV. (called I.) Otho Duke of Brunswick 

I I 

Edward V. (called II.) Albert D. of Brunswick 

I I 

Edward VI. (called III.) Magnus D. of Brunswick 
1327-1377 | 

Magnus D. of Brunswick 



Edward 
(The Black Prince) 

Richard II. 



Lionel 
(Duke of Clarence) 

I 

Princess Philippa 

(became 

Countess of March) 



I 

Roger, Earl of March 
(heir to the throne) 
I 



Eliz. Lady Percy 

I 
Lady Clifford 



Edmund Lady Anne Mortimer Lady Wentworth 
(rightful | 

king) Richard, Duke of York Sir H. Wentworth 
(rightful king) | 

| Queen Jane 

1 ~ I I 

Edward VII. Duke of Edward IX. (called VI.) 
(called IV.) Clarence 
1461-1483 I 



Edward VIII. (rightful king) 
Princess Margaret 

i i 

Lord Montague Cardinal Pole 
I 
Countess of Huntingdon 



Bernard D. of Brunswick 
I 
Frederick D. of Brunswick 

I 
Bernard D. of Brunswick 
I 
Otho D. of Brunswick 

Henry D. of Brunswick 

I 
Ernest D. of Brunswick 

I 

William D. of Brunswick 

I 

George D. of Brunswick 
I 

Ernest Augustus 

I 

George I. 

I 
George II. 

I 
Frederick 

I 
George III. 

I 
Edward 

Victoria 

1 
Edward X. (called VII.) 



14 KING EDWARD VI 

LEGITIMATE ROYAL DESCENT OF EDWARD VI 
Edwakd III. 

I 

Lionel Duke of Clarence 

Philippa Countess of March 

I 
Elizabeth Lady Percy 

I 
Lady Clifford 

I 
Lady Wentworth 

I 
Sir H. Wentworth 

I 
Lady Seymour 

I 
Queen Jane Seymour 

I 
Edwakd VI. 

Relations of King Edioard VI 

Maternal Grandmother . Lady Seymour (Wentworth), died 

1550. 

Step-mother . . . Queen Catherine Parr, died 1548. 
Half-sisters . . . Mary. 

Elizabeth, ' his sweet sister Tem- 
perance.' 
Uncles .... Edward Seymour, Earl of Hert- 
ford. 
Thomas Lord Seymour of Sudeley. 
Henry Seymour. 
Uncles-in-law . . Gregory, Lord Cromwell. 

Sir Clement Smith of Little 
Baddon. 
Aunts .... Elizabeth Lady Cromwell (Sey- 
mour). 
Dorothy Lady Smith (Seymour). 



BIETH AND EDUCATION 



15 



Aunts-in-law . . . Countess of Hertford (Stanhope). 

Queen Catherine Parr (also step- 
mother). 
First Cousins . . . Countess of Lennox. 

Marchioness of Dorset (Brandon). 

Countess of Cumberland (Bran- 
don). 

Mary of Guise (widow of James V., 
first cousin). 

Sir Edward Seymour, of Berry 
Pomeroy. 

Edward Seymour (afterwards Earl 
of Hertford). 

Henry Seymour. 

Anne Seymour— 1st J. Dudley ; 
2nd Sir E. Umpton. 

Jane Seymour. 

Margaret Seymour. 

Catherine Seymour. 

Mary Seymour — 1st Rogers ; 
2nd Peyton. 

Elizabeth Seymour, Lady Knight- 
ley. 

Henry Lord Cromwell. 

Catherine Cromwell — Strode. 

Frances Cromwell — Strode. 

Edward Cromwell. 

Thomas Cromwell. 

John Smith. 
First Cousins once re- Mary Queen of Scots, born 1542. 
moved Henry Lord Darnley, born 1545. 

Lady Jane Grey, born 1537. 

Lady Catherine Grey. 

Lady Mary Grey. 

Lady Elizabeth Clifford. 

Lord Wentworth, died 1551 



16 



KING EDWAED VI 



First Cousins once re- Lady Tollemache. 
moved Lady Glemham. 

Mrs. Ponds. 
Lord Wentworth. 
Lord Courtenay (in the Tower). 
Cardinal Pole (banished). 



Second Cousin 
Second Cousin 
Second Cousin once re 

moved 
Third Cousin . 



Countess of Huntingdon, the legi- 
timate heiress of the Planta- 
genets, grand-daughter of the 
Princess Margaret, daughter of 
George Duke of Clarence. 



II 

THE INHERITANCE 

The inheritance of young Edward, if he had ever 
entered upon it, would have been one surrounded 
by difficulties which it would have required a 
prince of no ordinary ability to overcome. Edward 
had studied and understood them. He had pre- 
pared himself, when of full age, to apply remedies ; 
and all that we know of his life history justifies 
the belief that he would have succeeded in the 
great and patriotic work that was before him. 

The country's difficulties had been caused by 
a usurpation followed by over sixty years of 
misgovernment. In 1485 the last Plantagenet 
king was slain in battle through the treachery of 
the Stanleys. Eichard III. sought the good of 
his people, and was making this duty the main 
object of his reign. After his death Henry Tydder, 
or Tudor, 1 seized the throne, but the Welsh 

1 Hp. was not Earl of Richmond. His father had been given 
that title, hut had been deprived by act of attainder. The earldom 

r, 



18 KING EDWARD VI 

adventurer had no other claim than the precarious 
one of conquest. He ordered the evidence of the 
illegitimacy of the children of Edward IV. 1 to be 
destroyed, and, after long hesitation, he married 
the eldest daughter. This gave no legitimate 
title to his heir, although the pretence of legitimacy 
was maintained and enforced, all who knew to 
the contrary being threatened with imprisonment 
and ruin if they were not silent. 

This usurpation was the originating cause of 
misgovernment. All the abilities of the usurpers 
were devoted to measures, often cruel and lawless 
measures, for the maintenance of their position. 
For the same reason it was so also in the case of 
Henry IV., although he was at least a member 
of the royal family. Henry Bolingbroke murdered 
King Richard II., his half-brothers, and his most 
faithful servants. The usurper had to maintain 
his position by civil wars involving the slaughter 
of high and low. He had to secure the support 
of the clergy by passing cruel laws for the extirpa- 

of Richmond was afterwards granted by Edward IV. to his brother, 
the Duke of Gloucester. When the Duke became King as 
Richard III. the title merged in the crown. 

1 They were illegitimate because Edward IV. was married or 
contracted to Lady Eleanor Butler at the time that he went through 
a marriage ceremony with Elizabeth Woodville. 



THE INHEEITANCE 19 

tion of heresy. His son, to divert the attention of 
the people from their own affairs, plunged the 
country into an unprincipled and disastrous war 
with France ; and finally the misgovernment 
became intolerable, the usurping dynasty was 
rejected after another civil war, and the country 
gave its allegiance to the rightful heir. Such 
were the results of the Lancastrian usurpation. 

The Tudor usurpation had to follow a similar 
course. The main object of the fortunate adven- 
turer was to establish his position by the destruc- 
tion of possible rivals. There were civil wars, 
disappearances in prison, and judicial murders. 
What Henry VII. began, his son continued. 
Henry VIII. lost no opportunity of destroying 
descendants of the old royal family : Suffolk, 
Buckingham, Montague, Courtenay, the venerable 
Princess Margaret (last of the Plantagenets), and 
the accomplished Surrey. The Duke of Norfolk 
would have followed if the merciless executioner 
had not been called to his account. 

These cruelties were bad enough in themselves, 
but the supposed exigencies which caused them 
also led to the neglect of those measures for the 
good of the people which would have received 
attention from legitimate sovereigns. The legis- 

c2 



20 KING EDWAED VI 

lation of Henry VIII. was mainly directed to the 
establishment of his own despotic power. His 
Parliaments were not representative of the people. 
Practically the members were chosen by the 
Sheriffs under instructions, and formed base and 
subservient assemblies. Treason Laws were en- 
acted, making capital offences of words alleged 
by one witness to have been spoken. The Parlia- 
ments were ready to pass Acts of Attainder when 
required, and many victims were put to death 
without trial ; indeed, it was extremely difficult 
for public men with any self-respect or independence 
to keep their heads on their shoulders. Henry's 
proclamations were given the force of Acts of 
Parliament, a measure which practically ensured 
him despotic power. In this shameful legislation 
difficulties were growing up for a successor who 
was resolved to rule justly and wisely. The sub- 
servient Parliament even made a law empowering 
Henry to settle the succession by will. 

Henry VIII. had been taught all the learning 
of those days, he was a scholar and a theologian, 
as a young man expert in the use of arms, and in 
later life industrious and methodical. He was 
endowed by nature with great abilities, was a 
good administrator, and a practical expert od 



THE INHEKITANCE 21 

some points, able to look into details himself. 
This was especially shown in his administration of 
the navy, of its civil departments, and even in his 
essays to form a system of naval tactics. 

But here his merits end. He thought of 
nothing but himself. Utterly devoid of affection 
for others, he was callous to suffering, and shame- 
fully ungrateful. He never showed mercy. In 
his youth his life was dissolute and immoral, and 
he certainly had other illegitimate children besides 
the Duke of Richmond. To one he granted 
Kelston and Bath Easton, property of the Church, 
and married her to John Harington. He was extra- 
vagant and a bad financier. His personal courage 
may well be questioned. He never exposed his 
person in his wars, and he fled like a craven from 
infectious diseases. Like his father he ever tried 
to shield himself, in his lawless acts, by forms of 
law and sanctions of packed Parliaments. 

Henry's treatment of his Ministers was match- 
less in its injustice and ingratitude. His father 
was the only English sovereign who descended to 
practices of which the most pettifogging attorney 
would be ashamed. Sir Edmund Dudley was a 
member of the usurper's Council, and was supposed 
to have suggested many pretexts for extorting 



22 KING EDWAED VI 

bribes and fines which were approved by Henry. 
The result was a full treasury. The son succeeded 
to this rich inheritance, and spent the money on 
himself. There was no question of restoring any 
of it to those who were supposed to have been 
robbed ; no question of respecting his father's 
memory, for if Dudley deserved to be beheaded, 
Henry VII. deserved to be hanged. But Dudley 
was loaded with all the blame, and Henry VIII. 
thought he would gain popularity by his execu- 
tion. He had committed no capital crime. It 
would appear that no charge could be formulated ; 
so Dudley was condemned on the absurd ground 
that, on hearing of the death of Henry VII., he 
asked his friends to come armed to his house in 
Seething Lane as a precaution in case of a riot. 
This step was neither treasonable nor criminal. 
Dudley's execution was the first essay of Henry 
VIII. in judicial murders, the worst of all murders, 
as Lord Russell truly said. The execution of 
the Earl of Suffolk, a baser and more iniquitous 
murder, quickly followed. 

Henry's treatment of Cardinal Wolsey was 
more revolting in its cruelty and ingratitude. 
Wolsey was a great statesman. His splendid 
talent threw lustre on a long period of Henry's 



THE INHEEITANCE 23 

reign. He was devoted to the interests of his 
master, and exerted all his abilities to further 
that master's wishes ; but he failed where success 
was impossible. Henry disgraced him, robbed him 
of his possessions, and was having the old states- 
man brought from Yorkshire to be slaughtered, 
when kindly death interposed, and robbed the 
tyrant of his victim. 

Henry's treatment of Cromwell was, in some 
respects, still more revolting as showing the 
utter absence of generous feeling and gratitude 
towards a faithful and devoted servant. Cromwell 
was without principle or scruple, and stuck at 
nothing to secure his master's ends. A more 
honourable minister would never have been in 
power under Henry for ten years. Like Dudley 
and Henry VII., Cromwell and Henry VIII. were 
congenial spirits. Cromwell undertook and com- 
pleted the great work of suppressing the monasteries 
and placing vast wealth in the hands of his master 
to be misused and squandered. He was a man of 
extraordinary ability, broad views, and almost 
superhuman powers of work. Cromwell's foreign 
policy was to form a league with the Protestant 
princes of Germany. In furtherance of it Henry 
arranged to marry a sister of the Duke of Cleves. 



24 KING EDWAED VI 

But he took [a dislike to the lady when he 
saw her, and, with a total disregard of anything 
but his own selfish whim, he ordered a divorce 
and turned against his faithful minister. Crom- 
well's execution followed, condemned without a 
trial, and on frivolous charges which were childish 
in their absurdity. As in the case of Dudley, if 
Cromwell deserved to be beheaded, Henry deserved 
to be hanged, for he had initiated or approved 
every act of Cromwell. Such was his treatment of 
Wolsey and Cromwell, great statesmen who served 
him ably and faithfully, with single-minded zeal. 
However unjust and cruel they may have been to 
others, to Henry they were ever faithful and true. 
When he tired of them his return was the axe. He 
never found another statesman of the same calibre 
to serve him. Surrounded by inferior agents, 
self-seeking and rapacious, he committed almost 
every blunder that a ruler could be guilty of, 
leaving an inheritance of difficulties and troubles 
for his successor. 

Henry's coarse and ungracious treatment of 
Anne of Cleves reminds us of his complete absence 
of courtesy and chivalrous feeling towards women. 
The sovereigns of the Tudor Dynasty stand alone 
as the executioners of women for political offences ; 



THE INHEEITANCE 25 

but Henry went far beyond* his daughters. He 
burnt a lady alive on a charge of being concerned 
in a rebellion, and he had Anne Askew tortured 
in the hope of making her accuse others, before 
she was burnt. His charges against Anne Boleyn 
were only confirmed by one witness, after torture ; 
and the weight of such evidence as exists is 
against her guilt. Before execution she was 
induced by fear or by a faint hope of mercy to 
state that she was betrothed to the Earl of North- 
umberland secretly, before she married Henry. 
The Earl positively denied it. But on the strength 
of Anne's statement it was declared that there had 
never been any marriage with Henry. The only 
object in forcing Anne to make the statement was 
that Henry might bastardise his little daughter. 
One thing is certain. If there was no marriage 
there was no treason, and Anne's execution was 
a deliberate murder. 

The abolition of the Pope's usurped power in 
England was a most beneficial measure for the 
good of the people. But this was not Henry's 
object. He was tired of his wife, the Pope refused 
to grant a divorce, so Henry declared himself 
Supreme Head of the Church, and caused the 
divorce to be pronounced by the Archbishop of 



26 KING EDWAED VI 

Canterbury. Although Henry had, up to that 
moment, acknowledged and upheld the Pope's 
supremacy, he now declared it to be a capital 
offence to assert this very dogma. There fell by 
the axe, on this account, the venerable Bishop 
Fisher, and the accomplished and virtuous Sir 
Thomas More, while the Carthusians and other 
conscientious men were tortured and hanged. 
Meanwhile the marriage with Catherine of Aragon 
was declared to have been, by God's law, inces- 
tuous and unlawful. This statement, as well as 
that respecting the nullity of the marriage with 
Anne Boleyn, was confirmed by Act of Parliament. 
Thus this precious father bastardised both his 
own daughters on grounds which he himself knew 
to be untenable. He brutally forced his eldest 
daughter to declare herself a bastard. 

The suppression of the monasteries was a 
great measure which brought into the treasury 
an enormous amount of wealth chiefly in land, 
and Cromwell formed a special department for 
its administration, called the Court of Augmenta- 
tions. If this wealth had been retained for the 
use of the State, by the endowment of colleges, 
hospitals, and similar institutions, and if the 
magnificent buildings all over England had been 



THE INHEEITANCE 27 

kept in repair and utilised, incalculable good would 
have accrued to the country. But Henry had 
no such intention. To save appearances he used 
a mere fraction to create new bishoprics, 1 endow 
some colleges, and to build two or three useless 
defensive towers along the coast. He either 
squandered all the rest on himself, or granted 
it, in the form of lands, to his agents and 
dependents. Not the least of the evils caused 
by this shameless confiscation of the property of 
the State was the demoralisation of politicians, 
who thus had their appetites whetted for robbery 
and spoliation. 

The neglect of the duty incumbent on the 
Government to establish an efficient working 
substitute for the charitable duties of the monas- 
teries led to very serious difficulties. An alarming 
increase of vagrancy and mendicancy was the 
inevitable consequence. Henry's only remed}^ was 
to mutilate and hang the outcasts. Here again 
his rapacity and misgovernment left a sad inherit- 
ance for his successor. 

Henry's legislation giving him powers for cruel 
religious persecution was another baneful inherit- 
ance. He had cast off the papal usurpation, but 

1 Chester, Peterborough, Bristol, Oxford, Westminster. 



28 KING EDWAED VI 

he still held all the popish dogmas and tenets to 
which Protestants objected, including transub- 
stantiation. Before Cromwell's death, the tyrant 
caused the Act of Six Articles to be passed, making 
it a capital offence, with death by burning, for any- 
one not to believe in the dogmas which Henry 
approved. This was one of the most infamous 
instruments of tyranny in the annals of persecu- 
tion. Nor was it a dead letter. Upwards of 
twenty persons were burnt under the Six Articles 
Act. Three suffered in the Canons' Slopes at 
Windsor : Pearson a clergyman, Testwood a singer 
in the choir at St. George's, and Filmar, a tailor. 
Bonner caused a boy to be burnt, who had not 
reached his sixteenth year. The most atrocious 
case was that of Anne Askew, a young lady of 
blameless life but unswerving resolution, who was 
savagely tortured, but in vain, to make her accuse 
others, before she was burnt at the stake. This 
persecuting legislation was another horrible legacy 
which the tyrant left for his successor to deal with. 
Henry allowed the Bible to be printed in English, 
but he placed restrictions on its being read, and on 
its being printed. 

Another evil inheritance was the question of 
enclosures. As wool and hides brought large 



THE INHEEITANCE 29 

profits, the owners of land began to form parks, 
and to enclose large tracts, committing injustice on 
the yeomen and poorer people, driving them from 
their holdings, and pulling down their houses. 
The evil began to be felt as far back as the time 
of Richard III., and that King would have applied 
a remedy. His Chancellor, at the opening of the 
Parliament in 1484, referred to the matter in 
his speech. ' This body ' (politic ?), he said, 
6 falleth into decay, as we daily see it, both by 
closures and emparking, by driving away of 
tenants, and battering down of tenantries.' But 
after the death of King Richard nothing was done 
until Wolsey, who in many respects was an en- 
lightened statesman, appointed a Commission to 
report on the rapidly growing evil, in 1517. The 
result was that proceedings were taken to restore 
tenements, and reconvert pasture into arable land, 
and there was a decree for pulling down all en- 
closures made since King Richard's death in 1485. 
But after Wolsey' s fall, Henry, indifferent to all 
but his own selfish ends, allowed the evil to grow 
unchecked. 

Old Latimer remembered the Plantagenet rule 
of his boyhood, and lived to deplore the Tudor 
misgovernment in his old age. ' Where there were 



30 KING EDWARD VI 

a great many householders and inhabitants,' he 
said, ' there is now a shepherd and his dog. The en- 
closers intend plainly to make the yeomen slaves, 
and the clergy slaves. We of the clergy had too 
much, but that is taken away, and now we have 
too little. My Father was a yeoman and had no 
land of his own, but rented a farm of 31. or 4l. a 
year, and hereupon he tilled so much as kept 
half a dozen men. He had walk for a hundred 
sheep, and my mother milked thirty kine. He 
kept hospitality for his poor neighbours and gave 
to the poor.' That was in Plantagenet times. 
' He that now has the farm pays IQl. a year rent, 
and he is not able to do anything for his prince, for 
himself, or his children, or to give a cup of drink 
to the poor. Thus all the enhancing goes to 
private wealth.' This long neglect of the enclosure 
question was a terrible inheritance for Henry's 
successor. 

Towards the end of the reign the misgovernment 
became worse and worse. In spite of all the 
exceptional sources of wealth, the accumulations 
of his father, the robbery of monasteries, the fines 
and confiscations, Henry died leaving heavy debts. 
Finally he proceeded to rob the people by debasing 
the coinage. 



THE INHEEITANCE 31 

An Act of Parliament empowered Henry to 
settle the succession by Will. 1 Edward was de- 
clared to be heir to the crown, then his heirs 
general, then the two daughters Henry had 
bastardised — Mary and her heirs, Elizabeth and 
her heirs. Passing over the descendants of his 
sister, the Queen of Scotland, he made the 
daughters of his sister Mary Duchess of Suffolk 
the next heirs. Edward was to be of full 
age when he reached eighteen years. Mean- 
while Henry's Council was to govern, sixteen 
as executors, and twelve as assistants to the 
executors. 

The very worst inheritance left by Henry 
was the body of second-rate politicians with which 
he had surrounded himself, after the death of 
Cromwell. Some were men of ordinary ability, 
fitted to serve with efficiency in subordinate posts. 
Some were as ruthless as their master. Very few 
were honest men, for nearly all were insatiable 
robbers of the State. 

The merciless tyrant was at last called to his 
account on January 28, 1547. ' Tyrannus est 
enim qui imperat invitis, qui armis reipublicae 
libertatem opprimit, qui non populi utilitati prae- 

1 28 Henry VIII. c. 27 and 35 Henry VITI. c. 21. 



32 KING EDWAED VI 

cipue servit, sed suum emolumentum et arrepti 
imperii amplificationem respicit.' 1 

1 ' A tyrant is he who rules against the will of thejpeople, who 
oppresses the liberty of the commonwealth by force, who does not 
make the people's good his chief object, but only concerns himself 
with his own aggrandisement and the security of his usurped 
power.' — Mariana, El Rey, p. 188. 



Ill 

THE TWO UNCLES 

Edward and Thomas Seymour were the sons of 
Sir John Seymour of Wolf Hall, near Savernake 
Forest in Wiltshire, a country gentleman of an old 
family which had been enriched by marriages 
with the heiress of Beauchamp of Hache, and the 
heiress of Sturmy of Wolf Hall. Their mother 
was Margery, daughter of Sir Henry Wentworth. 
Sir John Seymour had seen some service. Their 
children were Edward, Thomas and Henry, Jane, 
Dorothy and Elizabeth. 

Edward was born in 1505, and came to Court 
at a very early age, for he was an ' Enfant 
d'Honneur ' to Mary Tudor on her marriage with 
Louis XII. in 1514. When he was eighteen he 
served in the French campaign, and was knighted 
by the Duke of Suffolk on November 1, 1523. 
Next he became Master of the Horse to the Duke 

D 



34 KING EDWAED VI 

of Kichmond, and he formed part of the retinue 
of Cardinal Wolsey's embassy to France in 1527. 
On his return he was appointed a Gentleman of 
the Privy Chamber. In 1536 Henry VIII. visited 
Wolf Hall, and, on his marriage with Jane Seymour, 
her brother Edward was created Viscount Beau- 
champ of Hache, and granted several manors, 
including Maiden Bradley. He was appointed to 
the Council, made Governor of Jersey, Chancellor 
of North Wales, and six days after the birth of 
Prince Edward he was created Earl of Hertford. 
His sister Elizabeth married Gregory, son of the 
powerful Minister Cromwell, and his youngest 
sister Dorothy married Sir Clement Smith of 
Baddon in Essex. 

The Earl of Hertford was married to Catherine 
Fillol and had a son Edward. Hertford had been 
a courtier since he was nine years old, had accepted 
every change of his master, and was unprincipled 
and rapacious. But unlike Henry VIII., his 
brother-in-law was naturally weak and yielding, 
and not prone to harsh measures. He had good 
abilities, and was a fairly efficient military com- 
mander. He retained the favour of his capricious 
master, who created for him the new office of 
Lord Great Chamberlain. In 1540 he became a 



THE TWO UNCLES 35 

Knight of the Garter, and in 1542 he was appointed 
Warden of the Scottish Marches. 

In May 1544 Henry VIII. sent the Earl of 
Hertford to Leith, with a fleet and army, Lord 
Ewer coming by land with 4000 horse. On that 
occasion Edinburgh was taken and pillaged. In 
August Hertford joined Henry at Boulogne, and 
in January 1545 he was left in command there ; 
when he surprised and routed a French force. 
Lord Ewer remained on the Scottish Marches, and 
he had been surprised and routed at Ancrum 
Moor, he himself being among the slain. Hertford 
was then recalled from Boulogne to avenge this 
disaster. Under orders from his ruthless master, 
Hertford devastated the Scottish Border during 
September 1545, burning castles and monasteries 
as a mere act of revenge. In January 1546 he 
was again sent to Boulogne, and peace was signed 
with France in the following July. 

After the death of his first wife the Earl of 
Hertford married Anne, daughter of Sir Edward 
Stanhope of Shelford in Nottinghamshire. Her 
mother was a daughter of Fulk Bourchier, Lord 
Fitzwarine, great-grandson of Thomas of Wood- 
stock, Duke of Gloucester, the youngest son of 
Edward III. Of this descent she was inordinately 

D 2 



36 KING EDWAED VI 

proud. She was an arrogant, grasping, malignant 
woman, and Hertford's wrongful acts and his 
misfortunes were due to the evil influence she 
maintained over him. He perpetrated one shame- 
ful piece of injustice by disinheriting his son 
by the first marriage, and even securing his 
deprivation of succession to the titles. 1 By Anne 
Stanhope the Earl of Hertford had two sons and 
six daughters. 

During the last year of Henry's life his brother- 
in-law and Paget, the Secretary of State, were 
more closely associated with him than anyone 
else as regards public affairs, while the two gentle- 
men of the privy chamber, Herbert and Denny, 
were in personal attendance. Henry made his 
Will. There has been much discussion over it, 
but it can never be known whether it was tampered 
with or altered. At all events it was signed, 
Hertford, Paget, Denny, and Herbert being the 
witnesses. The Will nominated sixteen executors 
to be a Council to govern during the minority, 
as equals. But the breath was scarcely out of 
Henry's body before Hertford and Paget began 

1 Yet this injustice was eventually righted. The male heirs 
from the Stanhope marriage came to an end. The present Duke of 
Somerset and Marquis of Hertford are descended from the dis- 
inherited son of the first marriage. 



THE TWO UNCLES 37 

to plot against this provision of the Will, with the 
object of making Hertford Protector of the Eealm 
and Governor of the King's person with sole power. 
Thus had the elder brother, with no more than 
ordinary ability, raised himself, owing to his 
sister's marriage, to a great position. 

Thomas Seymour, the second son, was three 
years younger than Edward. He was born in 
1508, and his first public employment was as a 
messenger to carry despatches for Sir Francis 
Bryan, during his frequent embassies. On the 
marriage of his sister, Henry made him a Gentle- 
man of the Privy Chamber, conferred knighthood 
on him, and granted him the manor of Holt in 
Cheshire. In 1538 he was sent with Sir Anthony 
Browne's embassy to Paris, and afterwards to the 
Emperor Ferdinand, remaining at Vienna for two 
years. On his return, in 1543, he sought the hand 
of Catherine Parr, then the widowed Lady Latimer, 
but he had to yield her to his master. Thomas 
Seymour was employed to endeavour to raise 
troops at Nuremberg, and afterwards he was with 
the embassy at Brussels. He was second in 
command to Wallop, and in 1544 was appointed 
Master of the Ordnance for life. In October 1544 
he received command of the fleet stationed at 



38 KING EDWAED VI 

Dover, and in August 1545 he was ordered to join 
the main fleet under Lord Lisle. 

Thomas Seymour was a remarkably handsome 
man, skilled in all martial exercises, agreeable 
as a companion, kind and indulgent to his depen- 
dents. But like his brother Edward, his ambition 
far exceeded his ability, and both brothers were 
lacking in tact and judgment. Queen Elizabeth 
said of Thomas that he had much wit but no 
judgment. When Henry VIII. died, Edward Earl 
of Hertford was forty-two, and Sir Thomas Seymour 
was thirty-eight years of age. Thomas was young 
prince Edward's favourite uncle, from whom he 
always received affection and kindness. 

HENEY'S SIXTEEN EXECUTORS 

Archbishop of Canterbury — Cranmer. 

Lord Chancellor — Wriothesley (made Earl of South- 
ampton). 

Judges — Sir E. Montagu, Sir T. Bromley. 

Lord Privy Seal — Sir John Russell, eventually made Earl 
of Bedford. 

Bishop of Durham — Tunstall. 

Witness of the Will— Sir E. Seymour, Earl of Hertford 
(made Duke of Somerset and Protector). 

President of the Council — Paulet Lord St. John of Basing 
(made Earl of Wiltshire, eventually Marquis of Winchester). 

Lord High Admiral — Viscount Lisle (made Earl of 
Warwick, eventually Duke of Northumberland). 



THE EXECUTOKS 39 

Master of the Horse — Sir Anthony Browne. 

Secretary of State — Sir William Paget (witness of the 
Will). 

Court of Augmentations — Sir Edward North. 

Chief Gentlemen of Henry's Privy Chamber— Sir Wm. 
Herbert (eventually made Earl of Pembroke), Sir A. Denny 
(witnesses of the Will). 

Treasurer of Calais — Sir E. Wotton. 

Dean of Canterbury — Dr. Wotton. 

TWELVE PEIVY COUNCILLOES NOMINATED AS 
ASSISTANTS 

Earl of Arundel — (No particular religion). 

Earl of Essex — Parr (made Marquis of Northampton) 
(no particular religion). 

Solicitor-General — Eichard Eich (made Baron Eich). 

Vice-Chancellor — Sir Anthony Wingfield. 

Household Treasurer — Sir Thomas Cheyney (made Lord 
Warden of the Cinque Ports). 

Controller — Sir John Gage. 

Secretary of State — Sir Wm. Petre (Papist). 

Chancellor of the Exchequer — Sir John Baker (also 
Speaker of the House of Commons). 

Ambassador in Scotland — Sir Ealph Sadleir (keen Pro- 
testant). 

Vice-Admiral — Sir Thomas Seymour (made Lord Seymour 
of Sudeley and Lord High Admiral, no particular religion). 

A tool of Henry VIII. — Sir Eichard Southwell. 

Master of the Mint — Sir Edmund Peckham (strong 
Papist). 



40 KING EDWARD VI 



IV 

THE EXECUTOKS 

Young Edward's worst inheritance was the body 
of unprincipled second-rate politicians, named in 
the Will as Henry's sixteen executors and twelve 
assistants to the executors. They all became 
members of the Council, and may, therefore, be 
discussed as one body. There were various degrees 
of demerit among them. 

The careers of the two uncles have already 
been referred to, and that of Dudley (Viscount 
Lisle) will be discussed later on, when he became 
the most powerful member of the Council. For 
the moment the next most important executor 
was the Secretary of State, who was conspiring 
with Hertford to upset the intentions of the Will. 

William Paget was born in 1505, at Wednesbury, 
and educated at St. Paul's School and Trinity Hall, 
Cambridge. He was admitted into the household 
of Dr. Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester, who sent 




WILLIAM, FIRST LORD PAGET. 
From an Engraving by H. Robinson after the Painting by Holbein. 



THE EXECUTOES 41 

him to study in Paris. Afterwards he was sent to 
France to collect opinions respecting the divorce. 
In 1532 he became Clerk of the Signet, and in 1534 
he went on a mission to the Elector of Saxony. 
He was knighted in 1537 and received a grant of 
arms, his family not having previously been 
entitled to bear coat armour. In 1540 he was 
Clerk to the Privy Council and was sent as Am- 
bassador to France to explain the death of Catherine 
Howard. He became Secretary of State in 1543, 
and a Member of the Council ; and in 1546 he 
negotiated the peace with France. A witness of 
Henry's will, Sir William Paget was supposed to 
know the departed tyrant's wishes especially as 
regards the promotions in the peerage, and this 
gave him considerable influence at first. Paget 
is mainly responsible for the protectorate, and he 
identified himself with the interests of Hertford. 
He was among the most insatiable robbers of 
State property, but otherwise an able diplomatist, 
moderate and humane. 

Sir William Herbert was perhaps, after Dudley, 
the ablest man in the Council. He was an illegiti- 
mate son of William Herbert, the last Earl of 
Pembroke of that name. He married a sister of 
Queen Catherine Parr, and had been in a position 



42 KING EDWAKD VI 

to receive grants of Church property, including 
Wilton, thus amassing great wealth. He was an 
able soldier, an unscrupulous intriguer, and a great 
robber of public property. As esquire of the body 
to Henry he was a witness to the Will. 

Denny, the other witness of the Will, was 
Gentleman of the Privy Chamber to Henry. But 
he did not long survive his master. 

John Russell was at first a Gentleman of the 
Chamber, and afterwards a very busy diplomatist. 
He was at Tournay with Henry, and was sent to 
negotiate at Rome and with Charles V., being 
present at the battle of Pavia. He was appointed 
Controller of the Household in 1538 and Lord Privy 
Seal in 1543. He obtained grants of Tavistock, 
and much other Church property, and by right 
of his wife Anne, daughter of Sir Guy Sapcote, 
he got Chenies in Buckinghamshire. Russell was 
an able diplomatist, a very astute time-server, 
ruthless and cruel when such conduct served his 
ends, and as great a robber as the others. 

Lord Parr of Kendal was the brother of 
Catherine Parr. He was called Earl of Essex by 
right of his wife, the heiress of the Bourchiers, 
Earls of Essex, whom he was trying to divorce. 
He was a selfish, unprincipled man of no ability, 




JOHN RUSSELL, EARL OF BEDFORD. 



From an Engraving by H. Robinson after the original in the collection of 
the Duke of Bedford. 



THE EXECUTOES 43 

who always followed a leader, first Thomas Seymour 
then Dudley. 

Paulet, Lord St. John of Basing, was a greater 
time-server than Russell, and contrived to hold 
office through four reigns. His wretched motto 
was ' Ortus sum ex salice non ex quercu.' 

The Earl of Arundel was the only member of 
the old nobility on the Council. But he was a 
politician with no principles, and no intelligible 
aims. He seemed to intrigue without any definite 
object, and was quite useless as a statesman. 
As a time-server he was a rival to Russell or 
Paulet. 

The Chancellor was Thomas Wriothesley, grand- 
son of John Wrythe, the Garter King of Arms to 
Richard III., and son of the York Herald. He 
had been a diplomatist and secretary of State, 
and in 1544 was created Lord Wriothesley of 
Titchfield. He was Knight of the Garter, and 
Lord Chancellor. He had been gorged with Church 
property in Hampshire, including Titchfield Abbey, 
and was a man after Henry's own heart, cruel, 
unscrupulous, and subservient. Although himself 
a papist, he induced Mary to sign a recantation 
declaring the Pope a usurper, and herself a bastard. 
He tortured Anne Askew with his own hands, 



44 KING EDWAED VI 

after the Lieutenant of the Tower had refused, in 
disgust, to take part in the business. 

Richard Rich was such a man as Wriothesley. 
Nothing worse can be said. The founder of his 
family was a London tradesman of the same 
name. He was married to the daughter of a grocer 
named Jenks. Rich was Solicitor-General. He 
inveigled Sir Thomas More into a private con- 
versation, and then produced what he had said as 
evidence against him at his trial. He helped 
Wriothesley to torture Anne Askew. 

Richard Southwell was another such base, 
treacherous wretch. His grandfather was Sir 
Richard Southwell of Barham Hall in Suffolk. 
His father, Sir Francis, was Auditor of the Ex- 
chequer. Richard succeeded to great wealth, and 
was brought up with the Earl of Surrey. In 1531 
he got a pardon for being concerned in a murder, 
being fined 1000£. He was active in the pro- 
ceedings against monasteries under Cromwell, and 
in 1538 he became Receiver to the Court of Aug- 
mentations. He was knighted in 1542, and became 
a base tool of Henry VIII. In that capacity he 
came forward as a false witness against his friend 
the Earl of Surrey, to whom he owed much. He 
shared in the plunder of the Howards. 



THE EXBCUTOES 45 

Sir Anthony Wingfield, of a good Suffolk family, 
had held offices in Henry's household, yet, com- 
paratively speaking, he was an honest man. The 
same may be said of Sir Thomas Cheyney, Treasurer 
of the Household, and of Sir John Gage, the 
Controller. 

Sir Anthony Browne, Master of the Horse, was 
descended from a knight of the same names, who 
was created K.B. at the coronation of Eichard II. 
He married Alice, daughter of Sir John Gage, 
and died in 1548, leaving a son with the same 
names as owner of his fine house at Cowdray in 
Hampshire. Sir Anthony was a papist, but he 
supported Hertford in his measures to obtain the 
protectorate. 

Sir Ralph Sadleir was born in 1507, and owed 
his rise to Cromwell, into whose household he was 
received. He was also a Gentleman of the Privy 
Chamber ; and employed on missions to Scotland, 
which he conducted with sound judgment and 
ability. In 1542 he was knighted, and became 
Secretary of State. Sir Ralph was a trustworthy 
politician, a good writer, and a valiant soldier ; 
quite an exception among the officials employed by 
Henry VIII. 

Edmund Peckham had been admitted, when 



46 KING EDWAED VI 

quite young, as a clerk in the King's counting-house, 
and in 1524 was appointed Cofferer of the House- 
hold, in 1526 Clerk of the Green Cloth. In 1542 
he was knighted, and in 1546 became Master of 
the Mint, with a house in Blackfriars. He also 
had a house and estate at Denham in Buckingham- 
shire. Peckham was a strong papist, but com- 
paratively an honest official. 

The Church was represented on the Council by 
the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Bishop of 
Durham. 

Cranmer, with all his faults, was a very lovable 
character. He was weak and vacillating, and 
unduly subservient or he never could have worked 
so long with Henry. He acquiesced in the cruel 
acts of persecution, and even sent men to the 
stake for their beliefs, with his own still unformed. 
He seldom ventured to remonstrate, and when he 
did, as in the case of Cromwell, his intervention 
was feeble and deferential. Now his work was 
before him. He was about to undertake and 
complete labours of such value to posterity that 
they have rendered the reign of Edward VI. 
illustrious for all time. 

Dr. Tunstall, Bishop of Durham, was a good 
and kind-hearted man, an experienced diplomatist, 



THE EXECUTOES 47 

and though a concealed papist, he took part in 
editing the English translation of the Bible. 

Montagu, the Chief Justice, and Bromley, 
representing the legal profession, were neutral. 

Sir Edward North, of the Court of Augmenta- 
tions, and Sir John Baker, the Chancellor of the 
Exchequer, seem to have worked diligently in 
their departments. Baker was also Speaker of the 
House of Commons. 

Sir E. Wotton, Treasurer of Calais, and Dr. 
Wotton, Dean of Canterbury, were diplomatists. 

The Secretary of State was Sir William Petre, 
who, by always taking the winning side, kept in 
favour through four reigns. Son of John Petre 
of Turbigan in Devonshire, Petre was born at 
Exeter, and educated at Exeter College, Oxford. 
He became a Doctor of Law and was employed by 
Cromwell on the commission for the visitation 
of monasteries. As a reward he got a slice of the 
plunder, and in 1544 was made Secretary of State. 
When Catherine Parr was Regent, he was one of 
her Council. In 1546 Petre had special licence 
to retain twenty men besides menial servants, and 
to give them liveries and cognizances. He obtained 
Ingatestone in Essex, and a dozen other manors. 
His first wife was Gertrude, daughter of Sir John 



48 KING EDWAED VI 

Tyrrel of Worley, his second Anne, daughter of 
Sir W. Browne, Lord Mayor. Petre was a diligent 
and valuable public servant. 

The other Secretary was Sir Thomas Smith, 
but he was not yet on the Council. Born at 
Saffron Walden in 1512, Thomas Smith was of 
Queens' College, Cambridge, and became a Fellow 
in 1531. He worked with Cheke at Greek pro- 
nunciation, and in 1539 travelled in France and 
Italy. In 1542 he became Professor of Civil Law, 
and was tutor to Edward Earl of Oxford. In 
1547 he entered Hertford's household, and eventu- 
ally became Steward of the Stannaries, Provost 
of Eton, Dean of Carlisle, and Secretary of State. 
Sir Thomas Smith was a learned and very able 
statesman, and one of the few thoroughly honour- 
able and fearless public men that the age produced. 
He married Philippa, daughter of Sir John Hamden, 
whose jointure was Hill Hall, where he lived. 

These were the Councillors who were destined 
by Henry for the government of England during 
the minority. Almost all were plunderers of 
public property, neither honour nor principle 
could be expected from politicians who were in 
favour with such a man. Two Bishops, Gardiner 
andjThirlby, who were on 11 Henry's Council, were 




SIR THOMAS SMITH, KT. 
From an Engraving by James Fittler, A.R.A. 



THE EXECUTOES 49 

omitted in the list of executors, and all the old 
nobility except Arundel. Grey, Marquis of Dorset, 
who had married Henry's niece, Frances Brandon, 
was another notable omission. 

Hertford and Paget kept the death secret for 
two days, while they prepared their measures before 
summoning the executors, and Sir Anthony Browne, 
the Master of the Horse, assured Hertford of his 
support. 



E 



50 KING EDWARD VI 



V 

THE CORONATION 

It was a wintry morning. Edward and his sister 
Elizabeth were just sitting down to their studies 
at the manor house of Hertford, 1 when two horse- 
men galloped up to the door. These were the Earl 
of Hertford and Sir Anthony Browne, Master of 
the Horse. Both children were taken to Enfield 
that afternoon. Next day they were told that 
their father was dead, and Edward proceeded to 
the Tower with his uncle. He was knighted by 
the Earl of Hertford, and proclaimed King by the 
heralds at Westminster on January 31, 1547. His 
age was nine years, two months, and twenty days. 
The ruthless executioner was dead, and for a 
time his executions, or any imitations of them, 
were dead and buried. The young King's acces- 
sion brought mercy in its train. Edward's aged 

Holinshed says Hatfield, 



THE COEONATION 51 

godfather, the Duke of Norfolk, was saved by a 
hair's breadth. 

Edward's first act was to write a Latin letter to 
his sister Elizabeth, lamenting their separation. 1 

On the day that the King was proclaimed, the 
executors were summoned to meet in the Council 
Chamber at the Tower. Thence they adjourned 
to the King's presence, doing homage, and forming 
themselves into his Privy Council of twenty-eight 
members. They were to meet again next day, 
Hertford and Paget actively canvassing during 
the interval. On February 1 the Council met, 
and Paget proposed that Hertford should be 
Protector of the realm and Governor of the King's 
person during his minority. Wriothesley, the 
Chancellor, strongly opposed the measure as con- 
trary to the late King's will. It was probably 
illegal without the consent of Parliament. But 
the rest of the Council agreed. Shortly after- 
wards the Protector usurped still greater powers 
with approval of only a portion of the Councillors. 

Paget then proceeded to inform the Council 
of what he said were the intentions of the late King 
respecting promotions and creations in the peerage. 
In accordance with his announcement the Protector 

1 Strype, Eccl. Mem. II. Pt. ii. p. 510. 

E 2 



52 KING EDWARD VI 

was made Duke of Somerset, Lord High Treasurer, 
and Earl Marshal. John Dudley Viscount Lisle 
received the title of Earl of Warwick in conse- 
quence of his descent from the Beauchamps Earls 
of Warwick, and was appointed Lord Great 
Chamberlain. Wriothesley, the Chancellor, was 
created Earl of Southampton. Parr became 
Marquis of Northampton, and Paulet, Earl of 
Wiltshire. Eich and Sheffield were created Barons. 
Sir Thomas Seymour became Lord Seymour of 
Sudeley and Lord High Admiral, and was given the 
castle and estate of Sudeley in Gloucestershire, 
which was crown property. The late King had 
given him Holt in Cheshire, and a large house 
near Temple Bar, which was called Seymour 
Place. 

Wriothesley had been the only Councillor who 
protested against the Protectorate. Soon after- 
wards, on the excuse that he had committed some 
trifling informality, Somerset deprived him of the 
Chancellorship, which was given to Rich, and 
expelled him from the Council. He was allowed 
to resume his seat in the following year. 

Edward was at the royal lodgings in the Tower 
for three weeks while arrangements were made 
for the coronation. The young King, on the 



THE CORONATION 53 

auspicious occasion, created forty Knights of the 
Bath, and fifty-five Knights of the Carpet. 1 The 
former included five of his old playmates, Henry 
Brandon Duke of Suffolk, his brother Charles, 
Edward Seymour, Lord Talbot, and Lord Mal- 
travers. 

On February 19 King Edward rode through 
the City to Westminster ' in most royal and goodly 
wise.' Sir Christopher Barker, 2 Garter King of 
Arms, arranged the pageant. In the picture of 
the procession 3 Garter is riding with the Lord 
Mayor, between the Protector Somerset and the 
Emperor's Ambassador. There were various shows 
and diversions on the road. At the Conduit, in 
Chepe, Valentine and Orson were exhibited. Further 
on were Sapience and the seven liberal sciences, 
who made several goodly speeches. Next the 
play of Jason was shown, and other diverting 
exhibitions. On reaching St. Paul's an Aragonese 
was seen to descend from the roof by a rope which 

1 Now called Knights Bachelors. 

2 Sir Christopher Barker was Garter from 1536 to 1550. He 
died in January 1550, and was succeeded by Sir Gilbert Dethiek, 
1550 to 1584. 

3 The picture of Edward VI. 's procession through the City was at 
Cowdray. It was burnt in 1793; but previously the Society of 
Antiquaries had caused an engraving to be taken from it, which 
was published in 1797. 



54 KING EDWAED VI 

was made fast to an anchor by the Dean's gate. At 
last the Palace of Westminster ! was reached, and 
the tired boy was got to bed in preparation for 
the great ceremony of the morrow. 

Edward VI. was the legal and rightful King of 
England by Act of Parliament. He had no other 
right. Since his time all our sovereigns have 
reigned by the same title and no other, whatever 
they may have pretended. Yet Edward had 
Plantagenet blood in his veins and was of legitimate 
royal descent through his mother. 

On February 20, 1547, the little nine year 
old King went in procession to Westminster 
Abbey to be crowned. A stage or platform 
had been erected in front of the high altar. 
The Archbishop of Canterbury showed the King 
to the people at the four corners of the stage, 
saying : ' Sirs : Here I present King Edward, 
rightful and undoubted inheritor by the laws of 
God and man to the royal dignity and crown 
imperial of this realm, whose consecration, inunc- 
tion, and coronation is appointed by all the nobles 
and peers of this land to be this day. Will ye serve 
at this time and give your good wills and assents 
to the same consecration, inunction, and corona- 

1 Whitehall, always called Westminster by Edward. 



THE COEONATION 55 

tion as by your duty and allegiance ye are bound 
to do ? ' The people shouted, ' Yea ! Yea ! 
Yea ! King Edward ! King Edward ! King 
Edward ! ' 

The Archbishop, with the Bishops of London 
and Winchester, then led the King to the high 
altar. Then the King, after prayer, offered a pall 
and 24/. in gold, which was delivered to him by 
the Lord Great Chamberlain. The little boy then 
fell grovelling before the altar, while the Archbishop 
said over him the collect ' Deus humilium.' He 
then rose and went to his chair before the altar. 

The Archbishop then proceeded to administer 
the oaths. ' Will you grant to the people of 
England the laws and liberties of this realm ? ' 
The King replied, ' I grant and promise.' ' You 
shall keep to the Church and people holy peace 
and concord.' He answered, ' I shall keep.' ' You 
shall make to be done, to the best of your strength 
and power, equal and rightful justice in all your 
dooms and judgments with mercy and truth.' He 
answered, ' I shall do.' 'Do you grant to make 
no laws but such as be to the good of the common- 
wealth, and that the same shall be made by consent 
of the people ? ' He said, ' I grant and promise.' 

Then the King was led to the altar where he 



56 KING EDWAED VI 

made a solemn oath upon the sacrament to observe 
the premises, in these words : ' The things which 
I have before promised I shall observe and keep, 
so God help me.' 

The King again grovelled before the high altar, 
while the Archbishop, kneeling by his side, began 
the ' Veni Creator Spiritus.' Then he said the 
' invocamus ' over the King. 

The King was next set in the chair again, and, 
after a short rest, he was unclothed by the Lord 
Chamberlain to his coat of crimson satin, which, 
and also his shirt, was opened before and behind, 
on the shoulders and elbows, to be anointed. 
During the anointing Herbert and Denny held a 
pall over him. Kneeling, the Archbishop anointed 
the King in the palms of the hands, saying ' Unguo 
manus,' with the collect ' Respice Omnipotens 
Deus ' ; then on breast, back, elbows, and head, 
making the sign of the cross and saying ' Ungatur 
caput ' ; ' ungantur scapulae.' All the time the 
choir was singing ' Ungebant regem,' and the 
psalm ' Domine in virtute tua lsetabitur Rex.' 
When the anointing was finished, Dr. Benson, the 
Dean of Westminster, who had formerly been the 
Abbot, came forward to dry all the places with 
wool. 



THE COEONATION 57 

The Archbishop then put on the King's hands 
a pair of linen gloves, a white tabard shaped like a 
dalmatic, and on his head a coif. Then the King 
took a sword and offered it to God, laying it on the 
altar, and taking it off again, to be redeemed 
from the Dean for 100 shillings and borne naked 
before the King. 

Next followed the crowning. Edward, seated 
on the throne, was crowned by the Archbishop 
with the crown of St. Edward ; all the peers and 
bishops doing homage, holding up their hands 
and saying : ' I become your liege man of life 
and limb and of earthly worship and faith and 
truth. I shall bear with you to live and die 
against all manner of folks, as I am bound by my 
allegiance and by the laws and statutes of this 
realm, so help me God and Allhallows.' Then 
each kissed the King's left cheek ; and on their 
knees, holding up their hands, they said : ' We 
offer to sustain you and your crown with our lives 
and lands and goods against all the world. God 
save King Edward ! ' 

This concluded the solemn ceremony of the 
coronation. The King heard high mass, and 
departed crowned, in procession to the Palace of 
Westminster. 



58 KING EDWARD VI 

The coronation was followed by a feast in 
Westminster Hall, when the Champion, Sir R. 
Dymoke, threw down his glove. It was a long 
trying ordeal for a boy of nine years and a few 
months. On the following days there were jousts 
against all comers, and Lord Sudeley gave a grand 
entertainment to the competitors at Seymour 
Place. 

After the coronation Edward returned to his 
studies with his tutors and young Barnaby. 
There was a change in his life notwithstanding. 
The royal household was kept up, with its numerous 
officers, henchmen or pages and attendants. The 
King's homes were now the palaces of Westminster, 
Hampton Court, Windsor, Greenwich, and Sheen. 
His favourite residence was in the country, at 
Oatlands in Surrey. 

The Protector Somerset and his Duchess made 
the boy's life very uncomfortable. He was stinted 
in money, made to say for what he wanted it, and 
given half the sum he asked for. He was under 
constant espionage, and his Gentlemen of the 
Privy Chamber were adherents of Somerset, elderly 
intriguers who were not companions in any sense. 
The Chief Gentleman was Somerset's brother-in- 
law, Sir Michael Stanhope, who wore a medal 



THE CORONATION 59 

suspended round his neck by a blue ribbon as a 
badge of office. The others were Sir John Thynne, 
the Steward of Somerset's household, Sir Kichard 
Blount, Sir Henry Gage, Sir Maurice Berkeley. 
The termagant Duchess caused much trouble in 
the household. Among other disturbances she 
had a quarrel with the wife of Edward's tutor, 
and brought false accusations against Sir Thomas 
Smith. She and the Protector, who was com- 
pletely under her influence, prevented Edward 
from seeing the few relations he cared for, his 
favourite uncle, Thomas Lord Sudeley, his kind 
stepmother, the Queen Dowager, and his sister 
Elizabeth, who was living with them. It was a 
great pleasure to young Edward when he heard of 
the marriage of Lord Sudeley with Catherine 
Parr, and he wrote them a letter with warm 
congratulations. But the Duchess hated them, 
because she had been foiled in an attempt to take 
precedence of the Queen Dowager. The Protector 
kept from Catherine the jewels left her by the late 
King, seized her favourite manor of Fausterne, 
and offended her in other vexatious ways. There 
can be little doubt that the malice of the Duchess is 
to be seen in these petty annoyances. Edward's 
love for his relatives increased her hatred. The 



60 KING EDWARD VI 

young King was exposed to much annoyance and 
discomfort, and certainly had every reason to 
dislike his elder uncle and his aunt-in-law. 



KNIGHTS OF THE GARTER OF KING EDWARD VI 

Creations before 1547 

Sir T. Howard (Duke of Norfolk). 

Sir F. Talbot (Earl of Shrewsbury). 1 

Sir E. Seymour (Earl of Hertford). 1 

Sir J. Dudley (Viscount Lisle). 1 

Sir H. Fitzalan (Earl of Arundel). 1 

Sir Wm. Parr (Baron Parr of Kendal). 1 

Sir Wm. Paulet (Baron St. John of Basing). 1 

Sir Wm. Kingston (Constable of the Tower). 

Sir Anthony Browne (Master of the Horse). 1 

Sir T. Cheyney (Lord Warden of Cinque Ports). 1 

Sir John Gage (Constable of the Tower). 

Sir Anthony Wingfield (Captain of the Guard). 1 

Sir Anthony St. Leger (Lord Deputy, Ireland). 

Sir T. Wriothesley (Chancellor). 1 

Creations by Edtvard VI 

Sir Henry Grey (Marquis of Dorset). 
Sir Thomas Seymour (of Sudeley). 1 
Sir E. Stanley (Earl of Derby). 
Sir F. Hastings (Earl of Huntingdon). 
Sir H. Nevill (Earl of Westmorland). 1 
Sir G. Brooke (Baron Cobham). 1 
Sir T. West (Lord De la Warr). 
Sir E. Fiennes (Lord Clinton). 1 

1 Of the Council. 



THE COEONATION 61 

Sir T. Darcy (Lord Darcy of Chich). 1 

King Henry II. of France. 

Sir Wm. Paget (Lord Paget). 1 

Sir Wm. Herbert (created Earl of Pembroke). 1 

Sir Andrew Dudley, alias Sutton (Dudley's brother). 



FOETY KNIGHTS OF THE BATH OF KING 
EDWAED VI., MADE ON FEBEUAEY 20, 1547, 
BEFOEE THE COEONATION 

Sir Henry Brandon (Duke of Suffolk). 

Sir Charles Brandon (Lord Charles). 

Sir John Vere (Earl of Oxford). 

Sir T. Butler (Earl of Ormonde). 

Sir H. Fitzalan (Lord Maltravers). 

Sir G. Talbot (Lord Talbot). 

Sir E. Stanley (Lord Strange). 

Sir Wm. Somerset (son of Earl of Worcester). 

Sir Edward Seymour (Hertford's son). 

Sir Gregory Cromwell (Lord Cromwell). 

Sir John Grey (brother of Marquis of Dorset). 

Sir F. Hastings (Earl of Huntingdon). 

Sir H. Scrope. 

Sir T. Windsor (Lord Windsor). 

Sir F. Eussell (son of Lord Eussell). 

Sir Anthony Browne of Cowdray. 

Sir E. Devereux (Lord Ferrers of Chartley). 

Sir Henry Seymour (the King's uncle). 

Sir John Gates (Chancellor of the Duchy). 

Sir Anthony Cooke (one of the King's tutors). 

Sir A. Umpton. 

Sir Valentine Knightley. 

Sir G. Norton. 

Sir Eobert Lytton (of Kneb worth). 

1 Of the Council. 



62 



KING EDWAED VI 



Sir George Vernon of the Peak. 

Sir J. Porte of Derbyshire. 

Sir T. Josselyn. 

Sir Edmund Molyneux. 

Sir Christopher Barker (Garter). 

Sir James Holies of Notts. 

Sir William Babthorpe. 

Sir T. Brudenell. 

Sir T. Nevill of the Holt. 

Sir Angelo Marini (an Italian). 

Sir J. Holcroft. 

Sir John Cuyt. 

Sir H. Tyrrell. 

Sir Wm. Sharrington (Mint Master). 

Sir Wimond Carew. 

Sir Wm. Sneath. 



FIFTY-FIVE KNIGHTS OF THE CAEPET, 
MADE ON FEBEUAKY 20, 1547 



Sir Anthony Aunger. 
Sir John A. Eyce. 
Sir Barneston. 

Sir Thomas Bell. 
Sir Eoger Blewit. 
Sir Urien Brereton. 
Sir George Brochet. 
Sir John Butler. 
Sir John Butter. 
Sir Philip Calthorp. 
Sir John Cary. 
Sir Eichard Cotton. 
Sir Maurice Denis. 
Sir Harry Doyley. 
Sir Drury. 



Sir Thomas Dyer. 

Sir Thomas Fitzherbert. 

Sir John Godsalve. 

Sir Thomas Gravener. 

Sir Thomas Grey. 

Sir John Greville. 

Sir Eice Gryffyth. 

Sir Eoger Guilford. 

Sir Thomas Guilford. 

Sir Thomas Hanmer. 

Sir George Harper. 

Sir Anthony Heveningham. 

Sir Thomas Hollers. 

Sir William Hollers. 

Sir John Horsey. 



THE COKONATION 



63 



Sir John Horsey. 
Sir Francis Inglefield. 
Sir Thomas Kemp. 
Sir Eobert Langley. 
Sir Eowland Martin. 
Sir John Mason. 
Sir Thomas Nevill. 
Sir Thomas Newman. 
Sir John Norton. 
Sir William Pickering. 
Sir George Pierpoint. 
Sir William Eainsford. 
Sir John Kadcliff. 



Sir Edward Eogers. 
Sir John Salisbury. 
Sir John Savage. 
Sir Walter Savage. 
Sir John Skelton. 
Sir John Spring. 
Sir Humphrey Stafford. 
Sir William Stanley. 
Sir John Vaughan. 
Sir John Wentworth. 
Sir John Windham. 
Sir Thomas Wroth. 



SEIZE QUARTIEES OF EDWARD VI., MOST ENGLISH OF 
OUR KINGS 



Sir John Seymour (of 

Wolf Hall) 
Elizabeth Coke 
Sir George Dayrell (of] 

Littlecote) 
Mary Stourton ) 

Sir Philip Wentworth | 
Lady Mary Clifford / 

Sir John Saye | 

Elizabeth Cheyney J 

Owen Tudor j 

Catherine of France ) 

Duke of Somerset ) 

Lady Margt. Beauchamp f 
Richard Plantagenet i 

(Duke of York) de jure [ 

king 
Lady Cecily Nevill ; 

Richard Woodville ) 

Jacquetta of Luxemburg J 



Sir John Seymour (of 1 
Wolf Hall) 

Elizabeth Dayrell 

Sir Henry Wentworth 
(of Nettlested) 

Anne Saye 
Edmund Tudor 
Margaret Beaufort 

King Edward IV. 

Elizabeth Woodville 



L Sir John Seymourx 
J (of Wolf Hall) 



Margaret Went- 
j worth 

1 Henry Ttidor de 
[■ facto but not de 
J jure king- 



Elizabeth (illegiti- 
mate) 



Queen 
Jane\ 



Edward 
VI. 



Henry 
VIII 



64 



KING EDWAED VI 



THE OLD NOBILITY (30) 



Name 


Title 


Eldest Son's 
Title 


Names of Wives 




Duke 






Howard 


Norfolk, K.G. (died 
1554) 

Marquis 


Surrey (be- 
headed 
1547) 


Lady Elizabeth Stafford. 


Grey . 


Dorset, K.G. (died 
Feb. 25, 1554) * 

Earls 




Lady Frances Brandon 
(King's cousin, mother of 
Lady Jane Grey). 


Fitzalan 


Arundel, K.G. (died 
1580) " 


Maltravers . 


1. Lady 0. Grey ; 2. Mary 
Arundel. 


Bourchier . 


Bath (died 1560) ' . 


Fitzwarine 2 


Eleanor, daughter of G. Man- 
ners, Lord Roos. 


Clifford 


Cumberland (died 
1569) 


Clifford . . 


Lady Eleanor Brandon (in 
the succession). 


Courtenay . 


Devon (under at- 
tainder in the 
Tower, 1537-53) 


_ 


~ 


Stanley 


Derby, K.G. (died 
1574) ' 


Strange 
(died 1593) 


Lady Margaret Clifford 
(daughter of the King's 
cousin Eleanor). 


Hastings . 


Huntingdon, K.G. 
(died 1561) 1 2 


Hastings 


Lady Catherine Pole (right- 
ful heir to the throne by 
hereditary succession). 


Percy . 


Northumberland 
(under attainder, 
restored 1554) 


— 


— 


Vere . 


Oxford (died 1568) = 


Bolbeck 


1. Lady Dorothy Nevill ; 
2. Margery Golding. 


Talbot 


Shrewsbury, K.G. = 


Talbot . 


Mary, daughter of Lord 
Dacre of Gillesland. 


Nevill . 


Westmorland, K.G. 
(died 1563) 3 


— 


Lady Catherine Stafford. 


Grey . 


Kent (in those days 
he was too poor 
to take up the 
title) 







Sat on trial of Somerset. 

Signed Edward's scheme for the succession of Jane Grey. 



THE COKONATION 



65 



THE OLD NOBILITY (30) 



Names 


Titles 


Names of Wives 




Barons 




Neville . 


Abergavenny ( 1552 sent 
to prison for striking 
the Earl of Oxford in 
the presence) ' 


Lady Frances Manners. 


Same as title . 


Audley ■ 


- 


» 


Berkeley (born 1534) . 


A minor. 


Fienues . 


Clinton (Lord Ad- 
miral) = 


Ursula Stourton. 


Brooke 


Cobham (ninth baron; 
died 1558) > 3 


Anne, daughter of Lord Bray (eight son-)- 


Same as title . 


Dacre of Gillesland 


Lady Elizabeth Talbot. 


West 


De la Warr, K.G. (died 
1554) 


Elizabeth, daughter of Sir J. Bonvdle. 


Sutton 


Dudley (seventh baron ; 
ruined ; died 1553) 


— 


Devereux 


Ferrers of Ohartley 
(created Viscount 
Hereford) 


Lady Mary Grey. 


Same as title . 


Stafford (restored in 
blood 1547) 


Lady Ursula Pole. 


„ 


Grey de Wilton (died 
15G2) 


Lady Mary Somerset. 


„ 


Grey of Powys (died 
1552) 


— 


„ 


Lumley (restored in 
blood 1547) 


Died childless. 


Blount . 


Mountjoy 


A minor. 


Same as title . 


Ogle .... 


Joan Mauleverer. 


'• 


Stourton (died 1557 ; 
father of the mur- 
derer) ' 


Elizabeth Dudley. 


» 


Zouch (died 1552) ' 


Dorothy, daughter of Alderman Oapel. 


" 


Oonyers (? Tudor crea- 
tion) 


Lady Maud Clifford. 



1 Sat on trial of Somerset, 



Signed for Jane Grey's succession. 



66 



KING EDWAED VI 



TUDOR CREATIONS (20) 



Names 


Titles 


Names of Wives 




Earls. 




Seymour . 


Hertford 


1. Catherine Fillol ; 2. Anne Stanhope. 


Manners . 


Rutland (died 1562) ' . 


1. Lady Margaret Neville ; 2. Bridget 
Hussey. S. P. 


Ratcliffe . 


Sussex (created 1529 ; 
died 1566) ' 




Somerset . 


Worcester (died 1549) ' - 
Barons. 


Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Anthony Browne. 


Same as title . 


Bray (died 1557) ' " 


Lady Anne Talbot. S.P. 


„ 


Cromwell (died 1551) ■ . 


Lady Elizabeth Somerset. 


» 


Ever or Eure (died 
1548) ' 


Eliz.,daughter of Lord Willoughby d'Eresby 
(sou Ralph married Margaret Bowes). 


» 


Borough ' 


- 


Nevill . 


Latimer (died 1577) . 


Lady Lucy Somerset. 


Same as title . 


Mordaunt (died 1562) . 


Elizabeth, daughter of Sir H. Vere. 


Parker . 


Morley (died 1555) 


Alice, daughter of Sir J. St. John of 
Bletso. 


Same as title . 


Sandys of y e Vine (died 
1558) 


Elizabeth, daughter of G. Manners (Lord 
Roos). 


,, 


Vaux (died 1562) ' 


Elizabeth, daughter of Sir T. Cheyney. 


» 


Windsor (died 1558) ' 2 . 


1. Margt. Sambourne ; 2. Eliz. Cowdrey. 


" 


Wentworth (died 1551 ; 
son died 1590) ' - 


Margaret, daughter of Sir A. Fortcscue 
(many children). 


» 


Wharton (died 1566) ' . 


Eleanor, daughter of Sir Brian Stapyltou. 


Dudley . 


Lisle (Viscount) ' * 


Jane Guilford. 


Paulet . 


St. John of Basing ' ' . 


Elizabeth Capel, daughter of Alderman 
Oapel. 


Same as title . 


Parr of Kendal ' - . 


Daughter of Bourchier, Earl of Essex. 



• Sat on trial of Somerset. 



s Signed for Jane Grey's succession. 



THE COKONATION 



67 



CREATIONS DURING THE MINORITY. 

Promotions. 



BY THE COUNCIL. 



Names 


Former Titles 


Titles given by Themselves 


Dudley . 


Viscount Lisle ' . 


Earl of Warwick, February 17, 1647. Duke 
of Northumberland 1551. 


Seymour . 


Earl of Hertford . 


Duke of Somerset 1547, and Baron Beau- 
champ. 


Parr 


Lord Parr of Kendal ' . 


Marquisof Northampton, February 17, 1547. 


Paulet . 


Lord St. John of Bas- 


Earl of Wilts, February 17, 1547. Marquis 




ing ' 


of Winchester, October 11, 1551. 


Russell . 


Lord Russell ' 3 . 


Earl of Bedford, January 17, 1550. 


Devereux 


Lord Ferrers of Ohaitley 


Viscount Hereford. 



Creations (8). 



Names 


Newly Created Peers 


Wives of newly created 
Peers 


Wriothesley . 
Herbert . 
Rich 
Paget 

Willoughby . 
Sheffield . 
Darcy 
Seymour . 


Created Earl of Southampton, February 17, 

1547 (died 1550) 
Created Earl of Pembroke, October 11, 1551 

(died March 17, 1569) ' » 
Created Baron Rich, February 17, 1547 ' - 

Created Baron Paget of Beaudesert, Jan- 
uary 19, 1549 (died 1564) ' 

Created Baron Willoughby of Parham, 
February 17, 1547 « * 

Created Baron Sheffield, February 17, 1547 
(slain at Norwich 1549) 

Created Baron Darcy of Chich, April 5, 
1551 (died 1560) ' * 

Created Baron Seymour of Sudeley, Febru- 
ary 17, 1547 (beheaded March 20, 1549) 


1. Anne Parr ; 2. Lady 

Anne Talbot. 
Eliz. Jenks (daughter of 

a London grocer). 
Anne Preston. 

Eliz. Heneage. 

Lady Anne Verc. 

Lady Eliz. Vere. 

Catherine Parr. 





Old. 


Nete 


Dukes 


. 2 


2 


Marquises . 


. — 


2 


Earls . 


. 11 


7 


Viscount . 


. 1 




Barons 


. 16 


18 




30 


29 



Analysis. 



(3 Dukes \ 
2 Marquises 
3 Earls V 14. 

1 Viscount 
5 Barons ) 



1 Sat on trial of Somerset. 



Signed for Jane Grey's succession. 



KING EDWARD VI 



GREAT OFFICERS OF STATE, 1549-1553 



Office 



Lord Chancellor . 

Lord Privy Seal . 

Chancellor of the 
Exchequer 

Lord Treasurer 

Court of Augmenta- 
tions 

Lord Chamberlain . 

Lord High Ad- 
miral 

Chancellor of the 
Duchy 

Lord Deputy for 
Ireland 

Lord Steward 
Secretaries of State 



Secretary for the 
French Tongue 

Lord Warden 

Cinque Ports 

Clerk of the Council 



Master of the Mint 

„ South- 

ward: 

„ Tower . 

„ York . 

„ Bristol . 



Dr. Goodrich, 
Bishop of Ely.' 



Russell, Earl of 
Bedford. 1 



Sir J. Baker. 1 



Marquis of Win- 
chester.' 

Sir E. North. 1 



Marquis of North- 
ampton. 1 

Lord Clinton. 1 



Sir John Gates, 
K.B. 1 

Sir James Croft. 

Duke of Northum- 
berland. 1 

Sir William Petre. 1 

Sir William Cecil. 1 

Sir John Cheke 
(1553). 

Sir John Mason. 1 

Sir Thomas Ohey- 
ney. 1 

William Thomas 
April 19, 1549. 

Sir E. Peckham. 

Sir J. York. 

Sir Martin Bowes. 

Sir G. Gale. 

Sir Wm. Sharring- 
ton 



Office 



Speakers, 1547-1553 



Chief Justice, 

King's Bench 

Judges, King's 

Bench 



Chief Justice, Pleas 
Judges, Pleas 



Chief Baron 
Barons . 



Attorney-General . 

Solicitor-General . 

Lord Mayors, 1547 . 

„ 1548. 

„ 1549. 

, 1550. 

1551. 

„ 1552. 

1553. 



Judges, &c. 



Sir J. Baker." 
James Dyer, K.S. 
Sir Gilbert Dethick. 
Sir Roger Cholmley . 

T. Bromley. 1 

W. Portman. 
Sir E. Montagu. 1 
John Hinde. 
Sir James Hales. 
Sir E. Molyneux. 
Wm. Cooke. 
Henry Bradshaw. 
Robert Curzon. 
J. Darnell. 
E. Sexby. 
Rt. Browne. 
Edward Griffin. 
John Gosnell. 
Sir J. Gresharn. 
Sir H. Amcotes. 
Sir Rowland Hill. 
Sir Andrew Jude. 
Sir Richard Dobbes. 
Sir George Barne. 
Sir T. White. 



On the Council, 



THE CORONATION 



69 



OFFICERS OF THE HOUSEHOLD, 1549-1553 



Office 


Names 


Office 


Names 


Chamberlain . 


Lord Darcy of 


Schoolmaster of the 


Clement Adams. 




Ohich.' 


Henchmen 




Vice-Chamberlain . 


Sir John Gates. 1 


King's Printer 


Richard Grafton. 


Master of Jewel 


Sir John Williams. 


Master of the Dogs 


Cuthbert Vaughau. 


House 












Gentlemen of t he 


Sir John Cbeke.Kt. 


Master of y e Ward- 


Sir Ralph Sadleir.' 


Privy Chamber 




robe 






Sir Thomas Wroth, 


Master of the 


Sir George Howard. 




Kt. 


Henchmen and 








Standard-Bearer 




« 


Sir Henry Sydney 
April 18, 1549. 


Treasurer of the 


Sir Wm. Cavendish. 






Chamber 




» 


Sir Nich. Throg- 
morton. 


Controller 


Sir Anthony Wing- 








field.' 


" 


Barnaby Fitzpat- 
rick (August 15, 


» 


Sir Richard Cotton. 




1551). 


Master of the Horse 


J. Dudley, Earl of 
Warwick. 


» 


Lord Strange, K.B. 
Sir Philip Hoby.' 


Yeoman of the 


Robert Cecil. 






Robes 


R. Robotham. 


" 


Sir Robert Dudley 
(Chief Carver). 

Sir Henry Nevill 


Master of the 


George Ferrers. 




(April 18, 1549). 


Revels 






William Stanley. 


Physician in Ordi- 


Dr. Owen. 






nary 









Were also on the Council. 



70 KING EDWARD VI 



VI 

RULE OF THE PROTECTOR SOMERSET 

The Protector Somerset must be credited with 
good intentions, and with dislike of the atrocious 
legislation of his late master. But his head was 
turned by his elevation, he showed a lamentable 
want of tact or judgment, treating the Council 
with disrespect, and seldom consulting them as a 
body. He ruled by a Committee of the Council of 
his own selection, consisting of Cranmer, the two 
time-servers Paulet and Parr, North and Wingfield. 
As a politician he was vacillating, as an adminis- 
trator incapable. 

The Protector's first political act was to make 
war on Scotland to enforce a betrothal between 
Edward and his cousin Mary. Thanks to his 
generals, Dudley Earl of Warwick and Lord 
Grey de Wilton, and to a timely charge by Sir 
Ralph Sadleir, the Protector won a complete 
victory at the battle of Musselburgh (or Pinkie 




EDWARD SEYMOUR, DUKE OF SOMERSET. 
From an Engraving by S. Freeman after the Painting bg Holbein. 



EULE OP THE PROTECTOR SOMERSET 71 

Cleugh) on September 10, 1547, committing great 
slaughter among the Scots, and incurring their 
enmity. Mary, in spite of him, was sent to France. 
Somerset hurried back to London, placing garrisons 
in Haddington, and a few other fortified places. 
Warwick remained at Berwick to negotiate. It 
was an ill-conceived and impolitic adventure, the 
Protector failing entirely in the object of the war. 

The best part of Somerset's work was done in 
Parliament, in repealing the tyrannical laws of 
his late master. Rich had become Chancellor, 
and Sir John Baker, a member of the Council, 
was Speaker of the House of Commons. Parlia- 
ment met on November 4, 1547. This Parliament 
had five sessions, from 1547 to 1553. 

All the infamous treason Acts of Henry VIII. 
were abolished, the treasons specified in the Act 
of 25 Edward III. alone being retained. The 
people were once more as safe, in this respect, 
as in Plantagenet days. Indeed, they were safer. 
For there were to be two sufficient witnesses, and 
5 and 6 Edward VI. enacted that the witnesses 
must be confronted with the accused. 

Next the Act was abolished giving the King's 
proclamations the force of law. 

All the Acts were swept away concerning 



72 KING EDWARD VI 

religion or opinions, including the atrocious Six 
Articles Act, and the Act ' De heretico comburendo.' 
All Henry's measures for imposing restrictions 
on printing the Bible were abolished. An Act for 
the relief of the poor was passed, and another Act 
for checking vagrancy, which, being found too 
severe, was altered in a subsequent session. 

An Act was passed for Communion in both 
kinds ; and another for giving the King tonnage 
and poundage. 

Thus was most of the worst parts of the evil 
inheritance left by Henry VIII. swept away in 
one session of Parliament ; and this is certainly 
creditable to the Protector, both as regards sound 
policy and humanity. 

In the session of 1548 an Act allowing the 
marriage of priests was passed, Lords Morley, 
Dacre, Windsor, and Wharton protesting. The 
Liturgy was adopted and the Act of Uniformity 
passed. 

Mary continued to have Mass said in her house- 
hold. She refused to obey injunctions of the 
Council while the King was a minor, judging that 
Somerset would not dare to go to extremities. 
She refused to allow her chaplain Hopton, her 
controller Kochester, or her steward Sir F. Ingle- 



EULE OF THE PEOTECTOE SOMERSET 73 

field, to be examined before the Council. She 
came to London in the autumn of 1548, and 
received Lord Sudeley and others at her lodging 
at St. James's. Somerset continued to persecute 
her about the Mass in a half-hearted way, and the 
controversy continued until he was deposed. 

The Protector had no idea of constitutional 
means for securing desirable ends. His wishes 
were not to be opposed. He went so far as to 
establish a court of requests in his own house, to 
review and even reverse the decisions of judges 
and magistrates. From a statesman of tran- 
scendent ability and corresponding influence these 
proceedings might be tolerated, but such high- 
handed methods could not long be endured from 
one whose incapacity was becoming more and 
more obvious. 

Somerset's rapacity in the appropriation of 
Church property was insatiable, and he pro- 
ceeded without regard for the feelings of the people. 
He ordered side altars, rood lofts, and images to 
be destroyed, and caused inventories of church 
plate to be made throughout the country, with a 
view to spoliation. His ambition led him to build 
a great palace for himself in the Strand, and to 
provide materials he pulled down two churches 



74 KING EDWARD VI 

and a chapel. St. Mary -le- Strand and Pardon 
Church, two parish churches, were destroyed. The 
cloister of St. Paul's with Holbein's Dance of Death, 
the chapel to the south with the charnel house, 
tombs and monuments followed. He even began 
to pull down St. Margaret's Church at Westmin- 
ster, but the populace drove his workmen away. 

The immediate cause of Somerset's fall is 
characteristic of him. He was trying to do the 
right thing in the wrong way, to ride roughshod 
over the people concerned, without tact or any 
attempt at conciliation. But the people con- 
cerned were the majority of the Council. 

The enclosure question, owing to the total 
neglect of any attempt to settle it since the fall of 
Wolsey, was becoming more and more serious. It 
was brought before Parliament by John Hales, 
the member for Preston. 

Hales, owing to an accident, was lame, and 
was known as ' Club-foot Hales.' He was Clerk 
of the Hanaper and had received church plunder, 
but he made good use of it. He converted St. 
John's Hospital at Coventry, granted to him in 
1548, into a free school. He was an honest-hearted 
patriot, and boldly denounced the enclosures of 
land. Hales introduced three bills into the House 



RULE OF THE PROTECTOR SOMERSET 75 

of Commons, one for rebuilding tenements, another 
for maintaining tillage, and a third against re- 
grating and forestalling markets. They were all 
rejected ; but the matter was taken up by Somerset. 
He appointed a Commission modelled on that of 
Wolsey, and John Hales was one of the six Com- 
missioners for the midland counties. They were 
to inquire into all changes since the death of King 
Richard III. in 1485. But it was too late for 
peaceful measures to be of any use ; especially 
without the consent of the Council. The enclosers 
were determined, and the people were exasperated. 
Somerset unwisely added fuel to the fire by declar- 
ing that the covetousness of the gentry had given 
the people occasion to rise, and that it was better 
they should be fighting than perish for lack of 
living. This was an impossible position for the 
ruler of a country to take up, and Somerset's fall 
was inevitable. His rule lasted for two years 
and a little over eight months. 



76 KING EDWARD VI 



VII 

THE FRATRICIDE 

The execution of one of young Edward's uncles by 
the other is a very wretched story. 

After the death of Henry VIII. his widow lived 
in the jointure house at Chelsea, which was built in 
1536. It had a large garden at the back. Here 
Thomas Lord Seymour of Sudeley used to pay her 
frequent visits. He was Lord High Admiral with 
much business to transact, and had a large house 
near Temple Bar, known as Seymour Place. 
The Princess Elizabeth was then living with the 
Queen Dowager. 

Sudeley renewed his protestations of love for 
Catherine Parr, and persuaded her to marry him 
secretly in May 1547. The marriage was not 
made known until the end of June. The Somersets 
were furious, and the Protector commenced a 
system of vexatious and irritating annoyances, 
urged on by the malice of his wife. Sudeley took 



THE FEATKICIDE 77 

Catherine's part and was very angry. He was 
also much aggrieved at being deprived of all 
authority in the government of his nephew, and 
even prevented from seeing him. He considered 
that if his brother was Protector of the realm he 
ought to be Governor of the King's person. 

Sudeley had many friends, and a few enemies. 
He was kind and considerate to the members of 
his household, who were devoted to him, notably 
Nicholas Throgmorton and John Harington. But, 
as Elizabeth said, though he had much wit, he 
had no judgment. He romped with that young 
lady to such an extent that Queen Catherine was 
obliged to send her away. He was also occupied 
with more serious affairs. He was as ambitious 
as his brother, and was resolved to enforce what 
he considered his right ; besides resenting his 
exclusion from the society of his nephew. The 
Somersets intended to marry the King to one 
of their daughters. Sudeley was determined that 
this arrangement should not take effect. He 
selected Lady Jane Grey as the future Queen, 
and persuaded the Marquis of Dorset, by paying 
him 1000£., to grant the wardship of Jane to him- 
self and the Queen Dowager. The little maiden 
was born at Bradgate in October 1537, being 



78 KING EDWAED VI 

exactly the same age as the King. At ten years 
of age she came to live with Catherine Parr, to 
whom she became much attached. She went with 
the Queen to Sudeley Castle in Gloucestershire, 
and Catherine's little daughter was born there on 
August 24, 1548. The mother died of fever on 
the following September 5. Sudeley was absent, 
and little Lady Jane arranged about the funeral 
and was the chief mourner. 

Sudeley mourned for the loss of his wife, but 
was much pleased at the birth of a daughter. His 
mother, old Lady Seymour, took charge of Sudeley's 
household, and John Harington was sent to Brad- 
gate to obtain the consent of Jane's parents that 
she should still remain under his wardship. The 
consent was obtained, and Jane continued in 
Sudeley's household at Hanworth, or Seymour 
Place, until his arrest. 

King Edward was no more disposed to submit 
to being forbidden intercourse with his favourite 
uncle than was that uncle himself. But, in 
his wretched position, his communications were 
necessarily secret. His young heart had yearned 
to his stepmother, and when she died he turned 
for affection to his uncle Thomas. A page of 
Edward's Privy Chamber, named John Fowler, 



THE FEATEICIDE 79 

managed to convey messages on little scraps of 
paper. The Somersets kept him destitute of 
money, which he often wanted, to reward or pay 
for services. His needs in this respect were 
supplied by Sudeley as soon as they were made 
known. Always injudicious, Sudeley advised his 
nephew to take upon himself to rule, and prepared 
a draft for him to sign, addressed to the Parliament 
and complaining of his treatment by the Protector. 
But Edward, who had more sense in his little 
finger than both his uncles put together in their 
whole bodies, at once saw the impropriety, and 
declined to sign the draft. 

Sudeley proceeded to form a party both within 
and outside the Council, with a view to advocating 
his plans, or rights as he held them to be, if neces- 
sary, by force. While so engaged he was summoned 
before the Council and refused to attend. Soon 
afterwards he was arrested by Somerset's order 
and sent to the Tower. Somerset's party in the 
Council was busily engaged in getting up a case. 
They examined many witnesses, and questioned 
the Princess Elizabeth, her servants, the Marquises 
of Northampton and of Dorset, the Earl of Rutland, 
and many others, even the King himself. Edward 
answered them quite straightforwardly, for he 



80 KING EDWAED VI 

and his uncle had done nothing of which they 
need be ashamed. 

At last the enemies of Sudeley on the Council 
concocted an indictment consisting of thirty-three 
charges. They may be divided into four groups. 
First, there are three irrelevant charges ; second, 
eight relating to his communications with the 
King ; third, twelve concerning his intrigues to form 
a party ; and fourth, ten having reference to his 
conduct in his office of Admiral. The three charges 
in the first group were, that he married the late 
Queen privately and too soon after Henry's death, 
and that he wanted to marry the Lady Elizabeth, 
charges which involved neither treason nor crimi- 
nality of any kind. 

The charges relating to the King may be summed 
up as follows : (1) He went about to subvert 
the position of the Protector by indirect means ; 
(2) got the King to side with him by bribing his 
attendants ; (3) drafted a letter for the King to 
sign with a view to causing dissension in Parlia- 
ment ; (4) continued his purpose of putting mis- 
liking into the King's head ; (5) tried to persuade 
him to take the management of his own affairs ; 
(6) intended to take the King's person into his own 
hands ; (7) told the King that if he lacked anything 



THE FRATRICIDE 81 

he should have it from him ; (8) and promised the 
King's marriage. 

These charges not only did not involve treason, 
but are evidence of devotion to the King's service. 
One of them is repeated twice, to spin out the 
charges — (1) and (4). 

The charges relating to Sudeley's intrigues to 
form a party antagonistic to his brother are 
twelve in number. He is accused of : (1) speaking 
to divers of the Council to take his side ; (2) saying 
that he would make the blackest Parliament that 
ever was in England ; (3) labouring to induce 
noblemen and others to go into their counties and 
make themselves strong ; (4) setting noblemen 
to countervail other noblemen who would hinder 
him ; (5) advising certain men to win the favour 
of land yeomen who might raise men ; (6) making 
his party stronger by gaining over stewards of 
noblemen's lands ; (7) retaining many young 
gentlemen and noblemen above the number allowed 
by law ; (8) saying that he could raise adherents 
to the number of 10,000 ; (9) saying that he could 
get money to pay them for a month ; (10) disclosing 
secrets and arguing against the decisions of the 
Council; (11) storing provisions at Holt; (12) and 



82 KING EDWARD VI 

refusing to come to the Council for examination 
when sent for. 

These charges do not amount to treason. 
Somerset was not the King ; indeed, the legality 
of his position was doubtful. The frivolity of 
some of the charges shows the shifts to which 
Somerset was put in getting up a case. 

The most serious charges were the ten referring 
to Sudeley's administration of the Admiral's 
office : (1) He was accused of neglecting his King's 
service ; (2) of getting the Scilly Islands into his 
hands, and trying to get Lundy ; (3) of supporting 
Sir W. Sharrington knowing that he had committed 
treason ; 1 (4) of telling the Protector that Shar- 
rington owed him a large sum ; (5) of extorting 
sums of money from merchant vessels ; (6) of 
distributing goods of merchants to his friends and 
servants ; (7) of discouraging the capture of 
pirates ; (8) of letting pirates go free ; (9) of ordering 
goods not to be restored when the Council had 
ordered their restitution ; and (10) of encouraging 
wrecking. These charges look as if they were got 
up on the evidence of suborned witnesses. If they 
had been proved, some of them would have been 

1 Sharrington was pardoned by the Council ; so, on their own 
showing, this was a venial offence. 



THE FEATEICIDE 83 

serious. They would involve Sudeley's dismissal 
from the office of Admiral and a heavy fine, but 
not attainder and death. 

Somerset's party in the Council came to the 
Tower to hear Sudeley's answers. He properly 
refused to be examined by enemies, reserving his 
defence until he was arraigned before a proper 
tribunal. Afterwards, fearing that his silence 
might injure his nephew, he replied to the charges 
having reference to his intercourse with the King. 
He said that the facts were true, but that the 
intentions were innocent. This is exactly what 
King Edward had said. 

Sudeley's brother would not let him have a 
fair trial. He resolved to get him condemned 
without trial ; and resorted to the odious methods 
by Bill of Attainder, one of the worst instruments 
used by Henry VIII. in his judicial murders. The 
charges were put before both Houses with such 
evidence as Somerset and his friends had got 
together for the prosecution, but no defence was 
heard. The method was disliked, and there were 
speeches against it, especially in the Commons. 
But the bill was got through, and Sudeley was at 
the mercy of his brother. 

The Protector could only get half the Council, 

G 2 



84 KING EDWAED VI 

including himself, to sign the warrant for execution. 
The other half did not sign. Lord Seymour of 
Sudeley was beheaded on Tower Hill on March 20, 
1549. The Nemesis would come in six months. 

An attempt has been made to free the Protector 
from responsibility by throwing it upon the Council. 
It is quite futile. Somerset alone gained by the 
death of his brother. He must have thought that 
he profited largely, for Sudeley was quite intract- 
able and would always have been a thorn in 
Somerset's side. It was not a gain to anyone 
else. Some of the Protector's friends in the Council 
may have gratified a private grudge ; others may 
have been willing to help Somerset to kill his 
brother ; a few may have believed the evidence, 
and held it to involve treason. But they did 
not gain anything. Somerset did. He was then 
in full power, and could have pardoned without 
hindrance ; for he would have been supported by 
over half the Council, and by many friends of 
Sudeley in both Houses. He alone must bear the 
whole responsibility. 

It must have been shocking, even in those 
days, to see the fratricide dragging his brother 
from the home of their aged mother, to slaughter 
him for his own ends. It is true that Somerset's 



THE FRATRICIDE 85 

character generally inclined him to leniency and 
moderation. But he was capable of shameful acts 
of injustice at the instigation of his wife. Such 
was the disinherison of his eldest son : and in the 
death of his brother we see the cloven foot under 
the petticoat of the vindictive Duchess. 

The execution of his favourite uncle must have 
turned King Edward's dislike for the Somersets 
into a much stronger feeling. 

Lady Jane Grey returned to her parents at 
Bradgate to resume her studies with Dr. Aylmer. 
The poor little infant of the Queen Dowager was 
stripped of all her valuables by the grasping 
Duchess, and sent, without any adequate pro- 
vision, to Grimthorpe, to be taken charge of by 
the Duchess of Suffolk, on whom she had no claim. 
Her selfish uncle Northampton refused the charge. 

Old Latimer preached a very cruel and unfeel- 
ing sermon about Lord Sudeley's end, probably 
dictated by resentment at his ministrations being 
rejected. It is not creditable to the preacher, who 
had never been in a position to know Sudeley 
intimately. We have a far more reliable estimate 
of the ill-fated nobleman's character from one of 
the devoted members of his household. If there 
was a plain-spoken and thoroughly honest-minded 



86 KING EDWAED VI 

man in those days it was John Harington. Cer- 
tainly no one had better opportunities of forming 
a judgment. He wrote these lines to place under 
a portrait of Lord Sudeley, with the approval of 
Queen Elizabeth. 1 

Of person rare, stronge lymbes and manly shape. 

By nature framed to serve by sea or lande, 

In friendshippe firme in good state or ill-hap, 

In peace headwise, in war skill great, bold hande, 

On horse, on foote, in peryl or in playe 

None could excell, though manie did assaye. 

A subject true to Kynge, a servante great. 

Friend to God's truth, and foe to Home's deceit. 

Sumptuous abroad for honour of the lande. 

Temp'rate at home, yet kept great state with staye, 

And noble house that fed more mouths with meat 

Than some advanc'd on higher steps to stand. 

Yet against nature, reason, and just lawes, 

His blood was spilt, guiltless, without just cause. 

1 Written by John Harington in 1567. Nugce Antiques, ii. p. 327. 




THOMAS, LORD SEYMOUR OP SUDELEY. 
From an Engraving by Thomas Wright after the Painting by Holbein. 



VIII 

THE FALL OF SOMERSET 

The Protector's proceedings respecting the en- 
closures were too late. The insurrections broke 
out in several counties before he had expressed his 
approval of rebellion. In the spring of 1549 there 
were risings in Norfolk, in the midland counties 
to resist the enclosure proceedings, and in Devon- 
shire for the restoration of the old religion. The 
people levelled the hedges, filled up the ditches, 
tore down the palings, and drove the deer. War- 
wick's park was ploughed up, and others were 
treated in the same way. All this was laid to 
Somerset's charge, and the great majority of the 
Council felt strong resentment against him. They 
took the matter into their own hands, and pro- 
ceeded to put down the insurrections ruthlessly. 

Lord Grey de Wilton and Herbert went to the 
midland counties and crushed the rising, hanging 
from their own steeples several of the clergy 



88 KING EDWARD VI 

who had encouraged it. The two generals then 
went to help Russell in Devonshire, where there 
was great slaughter of the common people. Russell 
killed his prisoners and committed great cruelties, 
for which he received a rebuke from the Protector. 
The rebellion in Norfolk was more formidable, and 
was led by Robert Ket, a man of ability. The Coun- 
cil had brought over a troop of Italian horse under 
Malatesta, and a body of German Lanzknechts ; 
and the incapable Northampton was sent against 
Ket, with Malatesta, and troops led by Lords 
Sheffield and Wentworth, Sadleir, Southwell, and 
Denny of the Council, Sir Gilbert Dethick (Norroy), 
Sir John Gates, Sir Thomas Paston, Sir Henry 
Bedingfield, Sir John Cutts, Sir William Walde- 
grave, Sir John Cornwallis and others, altogether 
1500 men. Northampton was defeated and put 
to flight by Robert Ket at Norwich, Cutts and 
Cornwallis being taken prisoners, and Lord Sheffield 
being among the slain. 

The Earl of Warwick was on his way to Scot- 
land, where the English garrisons were hard pressed. 
He was hastily recalled to retrieve Northampton's 
disaster, and the Lanzknechts were sent to reinforce 
him. Altogether he mustered 8400 men. Warwick 
was accompanied by his gallant young sons, the 



THE FALL OF SOMERSET 89 

eldest surviving Viscount Lisle, aged twenty, and 
his younger brothers Ambrose and Robert. There 
too were Lord Willoughby of Parham, Lord Grey 
of Powys, Sir Marmaduke Constable, Sir Thomas 
Tresham, Sir Thomas Palmer, and Sir Edmund 
Knivett. Warwick was the ablest commander of 
his day ; and in a very short time the rebels were 
defeated and scattered, and complete order restored. 

Meanwhile the Protector's rule was becoming 
more and more ruinous to the country. He lost 
all the fortified places in Scotland, in September 
he had blundered into a war with France, in August 
1549 he lost Ambleteuse and two other forts near 
Boulogne. Wars and losses abroad, insurrections 
at home, high prices and much poverty. The 
country was on the road to ruin. 

Warwick returned from Norfolk on Septem- 
ber 14. His town house was then at Ely Place. 
Russell and Herbert were on their way from 
Devonshire. These were the three ablest men on 
the Council. In the previous year one of the old 
nobility, the Earl of Shrewsbury, had been added 
to it. Somerset went with the King to Hampton 
Court on the 18th. The Protector had with him 
Archbishop Cranmer, Paget, the two Secretaries, Sir 
Thomas Smith and Petre, his brother-in-law, Sir 



90 KING EDWARD VI 

Michael Stanhope, Sir John Thynne, who managed 
his estates, and William Cecil, his private secretary. 
In consequence of the gravity of the situation 
and the state of the country, the members of 
Council then in London, and some others, met at 
Ely Place. Many of them had been enraged at 
Somerset's conduct respecting the enclosures. He 
had assumed powers beyond what had been con- 
ferred by the Council, and had acted in important 
matters without consulting it. He, therefore, 
was responsible for the condition of the country. 
But if, with their eyes open, they continued to 
retain such a helmsman, the responsibility would 
become theirs. Warwick, Southampton, Shrews- 
bury, Rich, the Chancellor, Wiltshire, Southwell, 
Peckham, Wotton assembled, soon afterwards 
joined by Sussex, Wentworth, Chief Justice 
Montagu, and Sir Ralph Sadleir. Much depended 

1 Cecil's grandfather was David Cecil, a water bailiff to 
Henry VIII. His father, Richard, was a yeoman of the wardrobe. 
William entered the household of the Duke of Somerset, and was 
present at the battle of Musselburgh. He became the Protector's 
private secretary. Cecil thought of his own safety first, the 
interests of his master a bad second, and his country third. But 
he cared for all, was a man of great ability and vast industry, and 
a most valuable public servant. At St. John's, Cambridge, he 
became the warm friend of Dr. Cheke. After Somerset's fall Cecil 
was made a Member of Council and Secretary of State. He bowed 
to the storm under Mary to become Elizabeth's famous Minister. 



THE FALL OF SOMEKSET 91 

on the view taken by Herbert and Russell, who 
were on their way back at the head of their troops, 
after quelling the Devonshire rising. 

The members assembled at Ely House unani- 
mously agreed that Somerset's removal from the 
protectorate was inevitable. They addressed a 
letter to him proposing his resignation. 

Somerset was taken completely by surprise. 
On October 4 he sent Secretary Petre to London 
as his envoy. Petre saw which was the winning 
side and did not return. Then Somerset lost 
his head. He began scattering leaflets abusing the 
Council, and ordered the King's subjects to come 
armed to Hampton Court to defend him. He sent 
couriers to Herbert and Russell summoning them 
to his aid. They replied from Wilton hoping to 
effect a reconciliation, but naturally they were 
on the side of the rest of the Council. Somerset 
next resolved upon a flight to Windsor with the 
King. It was a castle he might defend. This 
was in the night of October 6. 

Somerset forced young Edward, who was in 
bed with a bad cough and cold, to start at 
10 o'clock, riding through a cold autumn night to 
Windsor, where nothing was prepared for him. 
The boy must have seen that his uncle's first 



92 KING EDWARD VI 

thought was for himself. The ride probably 
caused permanent injury to his health. Next day 
he was worse. On the 9th Warwick wrote to 
Edward's two sisters : ' The Protector has now taken 
His Majesty to Windsor late in the night, in such 
sort as many declare that he maketh no great store 
of him. But God, we trust, will help us to deliver 
His Majesty out of his cruel and greedy hands.' 

Somerset's resistance altered the kindly feeling 
of the Council at first entertained towards him. 
Sir Philip Hoby, the diplomatist, arrived at Windsor 
on the 7th with a letter signed by twelve members 
of the Council 1 on the same day, returning with 
replies from Cranmer and Paget. On the 8th 
Herbert and Russell declared for the Council. 
Next day Hoby returned with letters signed by 
thirteen of the Council 2 to the King, Cranmer, 
and Paget, accusing the Protector. Cranmer and 
Paget were told that they must either conform 
or share Somerset's fate. They deserted the 
Protector and submitted. Cecil appears to have 
foreseen the storm and to have provided for his 

1 Warwick, Rich, Wiltshire, Northampton, Arundel, Shrews- 
bury, Cheyney, North, Gage, Sadleir, Southwell, and Petre signed 
the letter of October 7. 

2 All these signed the letter of October 9 except Warwick, and 
Baker and Montagu in addition. 



THE FALL OF SOMERSET 93 

own safety. Honest Sir Thomas Smith alone 
remained staunch. His conduct was bold and 
generous. When all the others deserted the fallen 
statesman, he remained loyal to the end : 
Among the faithless faithful only lie. 

On October 12 Sir Anthony Wingfield arrived 
at Windsor with full powers from the Council. He 
arrested Somerset and confined him in one of the 
Norman towers. Next day other members of 
the Council arrived. Edward's cold was worse. 
He welcomed them as deliverers. He had been 
taken from his own friends, and hurried away 
without any consideration for the state of his 
health. ' Methinks I am in prison,' he said to 
them. ' Here be no galleries nor gardens to walk 
in.' Warwick presented himself to the King, 
humbly on his knees. He ' explained the order and 
occasion of their doings,' and the King accepted 
the explanations in the most gracious manner. 

The Duke of Somerset was brought through 
London as a prisoner, with his mortal enemy 
Southampton at his side. Sir Thomas Smith, Sir 
John Thynne, Richard Paladye, the clerk of 
Somerset's works, his servants Whalley and Wolf, 
were committed with him, as well as Cecil, for a 
short time, to save appearances. Paladye, Whalley, 
and Wolf were released on payment of a fine. 



94 KING EDWARD VI 

Somerset humbly confessed to all the accusa- 
tions. He was released on February 6, 1550, on 
payment of a fine of 10,000/., a fraction of his 
church plunder. At first he had to live at Sion 
or Sheen, and not to go more than four miles from 
the house. But on the 18th he received a free 
pardon. On April 10 Somerset was restored to 
his seat on the Council. On May 14 he was made 
a Gentleman of the Privy Chamber. On the 27th 
his property was restored to him. On May 10, 
1551, Somerset was made Lord Lieutenant of 
Buckinghamshire and Berkshire. 

The Council had no desire to bear hardly on the 
Duke. On the contrary their wish was evidently 
to make his position honourable, and such as was 
proper for the King's uncle. Least of all did 
Warwick refrain from showing cordiality and a 
desire for reconciliation. It would not have been 
possible to show this more clearly than by arrang- 
ing a marriage between his handsome and accom- 
plished eldest surviving son, Viscount Lisle, and 
Somerset's daughter, Lady Anne Seymour. 

If Somerset had remained satisfied, and he 
probably would have done so, but for his intriguing 
ambitious Duchess, all would have been well. 



IX 

JOHN DUDLEY 

John Dudley, Baron de Somerie, Viscount Lisle, 
Earl of Warwick, and Duke of Northumberland, 
was a man of mark. He guided the destinies of 
England for three years and eight months. It 
was the happiest period of King Edward's short 
life, and an advancing time for the country. The 
work done was destroyed by Mary for a time, 
but only for a time. Yet hitherto historians have 
dealt out nothing but abuse to this remarkable 
and very able man. He may have committed 
many faults in the last three years of his life. He 
was brought up in a bad school. He was as 
rapacious as Somerset. But, as has truly been 
said of the Emperor Tiberius, a man does not live 
to the verge of old age in high repute, and then 
suddenly become a monster without a redeeming 
virtue. This is the picture history draws of John 
Dudley. It conveys a false impression. 



96 KING EDWARD VI 

It will be worth while to glance at Dudley's 
origin. The Suttons were Lords of Sutton on the 
Trent, near Tuxford in Nottinghamshire. Koland 
de Sutton married one of the co-heiresses of the 
great family of Lexington in the time of Henry III., 
and had two sons, Robert and William de Sutton. 
Robert was ancestor of the Barons Lexington. 
William's great-grandson, Sir John Sutton, married 
Margaret, daughter and heiress of Roger de 
Somerie, whose wife Hawis was heiress of Gervase 
de Paganel, Lord of Dudley Castle in Staffordshire. 
The son, succeeding to Dudley Castle, was sum- 
moned to Parliament in 1342 as the first Baron 
Sutton of Dudley. 

The fourth Lord Dudley had two sons, Edmund 
and John. Edmund continued the line of Lords 
Dudley. John adopted the name of Dudley 
instead of Sutton. John Dudley was settled at 
Atherington in Sussex. Here his son was born, 
and named Edmund after his uncle Lord Dudley. 
Edmund Dudley was on the Privy Council of Henry 
VII., negotiator of the treaty of Boulogne in 1492, 
and Speaker of one of the usurper's parliaments. 
He was a lawyer and diplomatist of ability, but 
was unpopular as the chief adviser in Henry's 
pettifogging and unjust methods of raising money. 



JOHN DUDLEY 97 

Upwards of 4,500,000?. are said to have been 
amassed for the son to dissipate in wasteful 
extravagance. Dudley's death has already been 
discussed. 

Edmund Dudley married Elizabeth, represen- 
tative of the Viscounts Lisle. It is an interesting 
descent. In 1347 Gerard de Insula left a son, 
Warine Lord L'Isle, whose heiress married Lord 
Berkeley. Their daughter married Richard 
Beauchamp, fifth Earl of Warwick, and their 
heiress Margaret was the wife of the great Earl of 
Shrewsbury. The Earl's second son, John Talbot, 
was created Viscount Lisle of Kingston Lisle, in 
Berkshire, in the year 1451. His heiress, Eliza- 
beth Talbot, married Sir Edward Grey, son of 
Edward Grey Lord Ferrers of Groby, descended 
through the Mowbrays from Edward I., and 
through the Ferrers from the great families of 
Clifford, Beauchamp, and Clare. 

It may be mentioned that Sir Edward Grey. 
Viscount Lisle, was a brother of Sir J. Grey, who 
married Elizabeth Woodville, and uncle of the 
Marquis of Dorset, so that the Greys and Dudleys 
were cousins. 

Sir Edward Grey, Viscount Lisle, had by 
Elizabeth Talbot an only child Elizabeth, the wife 

H 



98 KING EDWARD VI 

of Edmund Dudley, and inheritor of an illustrious 
descent. On her husband's death she was left 
with four little children, the eldest not eight years 
old, John, Andrew, Jerome, and a daughter, after- 
wards married to Lord Stourton. Lady Dudley, 
the widowed heiress of Viscount Lisle, married 
Arthur Plantagenet, one of the illegitimate sons 
of Edward IV., who was created Viscount Lisle 
in her right in 1523. He was many years Captain 
of Calais, and was likely to be a good step-father 
to the orphans. 

John Dudley the eldest had a kind and vigilant 
guardian in Sir Edward Guilford, whose daughter 
he afterwards married. Guilford, by petition, 
obtained a special Act in favour of the Dudley 
children for the repeal of their father's unjust 
attainder. 

Born in 1504, John Dudley was brought up 
to the profession of arms. He was in the French 
campaign of 1524, and was knighted by the Duke of 
Suffolk in his twentieth year. In 1528 he attended 
Cardinal Wolsey when he went on an embassy to 
France, and in 1530 he received the appointment 
of Master of the Armoury in the Tower. In 1540 
Dudley was Master of the Horse to Anne of Cleves, 
and in the following year we find him a challenger 
at jousts against all comers. 




JOHN DUDLEY, DUKE OF NORTHUMBERLAND. 
From an Engraving by Thomas Wright after the Painting hy Holbein. 



JOHN DUDLEY 99 

The Seymours rose to greatness through their 
sister, Dudley through his own merits. With 
nearly twenty years of experience in courts and 
camps, he had won golden opinions and consider- 
able influence. He made a study of the art of 
war, especially on the naval side, and Henry VIII., 
a good judge as regards administrative details, 
entertained a high opinion of his abilities. On 
the death of his step-father, Sir John Dudley was 
created Viscount Lisle in 1543, and advanced to 
the important dignity of Lord High Admiral. His 
age was then thirty-nine. 

Lord Lisle's first service as Admiral was to 
convey an army from the Thames to the Scottish 
coast, and to land it at Leith. Next he took 
the command at Boulogne in 1545, and beat off 
the French forces by a bold and well-planned sally. 

The French designed a great invasion of 
England in March 1545. There were assembled at 
Havre 250 ships and a large army. The country 
was in danger, and it was upon Lord Lisle that 
Henry relied. He was appointed General of all 
the forces by sea ; and hoisted his flag on board 
the great ship of 1000 tons, named the Harry 
Grdce a Dieu. Hired merchant ships, well armed, 
were fitted out, those from the west country com- 

H 2 



100 KING EDWAED VI 

manded by Carews, Chichesters, and Clintons. 
Henry VIII. himself came to Portsmouth to be 
within consulting distance while the fleet was at 
Spithead. 

The French were reported off the back of the 
Isle of Wight, and on July 18 their fleet anchored 
off Bembridge. The operations under Lisle' s 
direction, which followed, are of peculiar interest 
because a scheme for naval tactics was then first 
conceived. The French had squadrons of galleys 
from the Mediterranean, which attacked the English 
fleet at anchor at Spithead during a dead calm. 
But a breeze sprang up, and the fortune of the 
day was changed. Lisle, taught by this lesson, 
promptly fitted out a number of oared craft, 
galleys specially designed, to form the wings of 
his line of battle. His sailing fleet was in three 
squadrons : the first consisting of eight ships under 
Sir Peter Carew with his flag of St. George at the 
fore ; the second under Lisle's immediate com- 
mand, with his flag at the main of the Great Harry, 
consisted of twelve ships ; and the third was com- 
posed of smaller armed merchantmen. 

There was a disaster at Spithead. A fine ship 
of 600 tons, the Mary Rose, commanded by Sir 
George Carew, had been imprudently heeled over 



JOHN DUDLEY 101 

with her lower ports open. The water came in 
by them, and in a moment she capsized and sank. 

Lord Lisle had been carefully considering how 
to force the French fleet at Bembridge to an 
action. Having matured his plan, he submitted 
it to Henry at Portsmouth. It came into his 
mind when a fresh breeze was blowing at Spithead 
from the west. He consulted the pilots whether, 
if the wind continued steady and increased to ' a 
course and a bonnet off,' l the French could ride 
it out where they were at anchor. The pilots 
thought that they could. Lisle's next point was 
if the French ships saw the English fleet make 
sail and stand towards them, would they abide 
at anchor. The pilots considered that if they did 
they were lost. They, therefore, thought that 
the French, in that case, would get under way and 
abide the attack under small sail ; but they must 
make a good offing to clear the Owers. 

Lisle's views coincided with those of the pilots, 
and the plan would have brought the French to 
action. But there was delay owing to the necessity 
for consulting the King. Lisle wrote to him from 
his flagship on July 21, 1545, and Henry gave his 
consent. But the French had received warning 

1 Equivalent to a double-reef topsail breeze. 



102 KING EDWARD VI 

from a spy, and made of!. Lisle put to sea with 
his fleet. Baffled by light winds and calms, it 
was not until August 15 that lie came in sight of 
the enemy off Shoreham. The Admiral was in 
great hopes of a decisive action. The French 
fleet was to windward, so he anchored his ships 
as a challenge to the enemy. But the French 
Admiral D'Aunebault declined battle, and fled 
to Havre. All Lisle's manoeuvres were bold and 
judicious, showing a seamanlike instinct, and he 
was instrumental in saving England from a French 
invasion. Peace was signed on June 7, 1546. 

Lord Lisle was a member of the Privy Council 
and one of the executors, and he was created Earl 
of Warwick in consequence of his descent from 
the Beauchamps, Earls of Warwick. 

During Somerset's protectorate the Earl of 
Warwick did valuable service. As Lieutenant- 
General he contributed largely to the victory at 
Musselburgh, and he put down the insurrection in 
Norfolk. His naval and other services have been 
told in some detail, because the general idea of 
Dudley appears to be that he was an unscrupulous 
intriguer, as cunning as he was cruel, whose object 
was to bring poor innocent Somerset to the block. 
His life did not cover fifty years, and up to his 



JOHN DUDLEY 103 

forty-seventh year he was known as a very able 
and zealous public servant, a successful commander, 
and an admiral far above the average of those 
days. Men do not entirely change their natures 
at the age of forty-seven. 

Dudley was married, in about the year 1530, 
to Jane, the daughter of his guardian, Sir Edward 
Guilford. He was blessed with a large family. 
He lost his eldest son Henry at Boulogne, in a 
sortie. John, the second, was ' a youth of great 
hope, and excellently well seen in the art military : 
one of the mirrors of his age for religion, learning, 
and military affairs.' The others were Ambrose, 
Robert, Guilford, and Henry ; Charles and Thomas 
died young. His daughters were Temperance, 
who never married ; Margaret, who died young ; 
Catherine, who married the Earl of Huntingdon, 
but died childless in 1595 ; and Mary, the wife of 
Sir Henry and mother of Sir Philip Sydney. 1 
Dudley was a devoted husband, and a most 
affectionate father. 

Canon Dixon, who has gone closer to those 
times than any one living, thus sums up the 
character of Dudley : 

1 The ancient title of Lisle passed through the Dudleys, Sydneys, 
and Shelleys to the present Lord de Lisle and Dudley. 



104 KING EDWARD VI 

' John Dudley was the ablest man of his time ; 
a consummate soldier, a keen politician, a skilful 
administrator. Bold, sensitive, magnanimous. 
At Norwich he bound his officers to conquer or die 
by the knightly ceremony of kissing one another's 
swords. He stopped further resistance and 
slaughter by riding alone into the ranks of the 
enemy and pledging his word for their lives. He 
was lenient after victory. He spared the life of 
Somerset as long as he could. He was a great 
man.' 

THE YOUNG DUDLEYS. 

John Dudley, Viscount Lisle, 1549 Earl of Warwick, 
1551 Duke of Northumberland ; married Jane, daughter of 
Sir Edward, sister and heiress of Sir Henry Guilford. 

I. Sir Henry, slain at Boulogne 1544. 

II. John (after 1551 called Earl of Warwick), married 
Anne Seymour. ' A young man of great hope, and excel- 
lently well seen in the art military. One of the mirrors of 
his age for religion, learning, and military affairs.' He was 
King Edwards Master of the Horse. He died in prison 
a few weeks after the execution of his father; childless. 
Sentenced to death. 

III. Ambrose, sentenced to death during the Marian 
terror. In 1562 Queen Elizabeth made him Earl of Warwick. 
He first married Anne Whorwood, secondly Elizabeth Tal- 
boys, but both died before 1562 ; thirdly, Anne, daughter of 
F. Russell, Earl of Bedford ; childless. 

IV. Robert, Gentleman of the Privy Chamber to Ed- 
ward VI. He first married Amy Robsart in 1551. Sen> 



JOHN DUDLEY 105 

tenced to death with his brothers. 1564 created Earl of 
Leicester. He married secondly Douglas Howard, widow 
of Lord Sheffield, and had a son, the famous Sir Eobert 
Dudley. 1 He married thirdly Lettice, daughter of Sir 
Francis Knollys, the Queen's cousin, widow of the first 
Earl of Essex. He died September 4, 1588. 

V. Charles, died young. 

VI. Thomas, died young. 

VII. Guilford, born 1535. Married in May 1553 to 
Lady Jane Grey. Slaughtered in the Marian terror February 
1554. 

VIII. Henry, married to Margaret, heiress of Thomas 
Lord Audley, Baron of Walden. He was slain at St. Quentin 
in 1558. His widow married the Duke of Norfolk. 

IX. Temperance, never married. 

X. Margaret, died young. 

XL Catherine, married Henry Hastings Earl of Hunt- 
ingdon ; childless. She died 1595. 

XII. Mary, married to Sir Henry Sydney, faithful friend 
and Gentleman of the Chamber to Edward VI. Lord 
Deputy of Ireland under Queen Elizabeth, and K.G. Died 
1586. His children were : (1) Sir Philip Sydney, mortally 
wounded at Zutphen, 1586 ; (2) Mary, Countess of Pembroke ; 
(3) Eobert, created Viscount Lisle, and 1618 Earl of 
Leicester. He died 1626, leaving (1) Mary, married to 
Sir Eobert Wroth ; (2) the second Earl of Leicester, married 
Lady Dorothy Percy, and had (1) Philip third Earl of 
Leicester ; (2) Henry Earl of Eomney ; (3) Algernon 
Sydney, the Patriot, judicially murdered 1683 ; (4) Dorothy 
Countess of Sunderland, ' Sacharissa.' 

1 Unjustly kept out of the earldom of Leicester by James I. 
and his corrupt Judges. Robbed of Kenilworth. He was a great 
navigator. Lived at Florence. 



106 KING EDWAED VI 



X 

RULE OF THE COUNCIL 

On the abolition of the protectorate the Privy- 
Council resumed its legal position as a council of 
regency with its members administering the various 
departments of State, and general questions of 
policy being decided at the Council Board. 
Somerset ceased to be a member, and four retired, 
Sir Thomas Smith, Denny, Southwell, and Peckham. 
The Earl of Southampton died. Arundel and 
Paget were out for some time, but were eventually 
restored to their seats. 

It was wisely decided that an attempt should 
be made to have more interests represented on 
the Council, and especially that the old nobility 
ought no longer to be left out. Besides Arundel 
and Shrewsbury, the Marquis of Dorset, the Earls 
of Westmorland and Huntingdon, Viscount Here- 
ford, and Barons Clinton, Cobham, and Darcy took 
their seats at the Board. The other new members 



EULE OP THE COUNCIL 107 

were Sir John Gates, Sir Robert Bowes, Dr. 
Goodrich, Bishop of Ely, who became Lord Chan- 
cellor in succession to Lord Rich, the diplomatists 
Sir Philip Hoby and Sir John Mason, and Sir 
William Cecil, Petre's new colleague as Secretary 
of State. The whole number was increased to 
thirty-five. 

There were promotions and creations in the 
peerage. John Dudley Earl of Warwick became 
Duke of Northumberland, 1 and Henry Grey 
Marquis of Dorset was made Duke of Suffolk. 
Paulet Earl of Wiltshire was promoted to be 
Marquis of Winchester. Russell was made Earl 
of Bedford, and Herbert Earl of Pembroke. 
Paget was Lord Paget of Beaudesert, Darcy 
Lord Darcy of Chich, Willoughby became Lord 
Willoughby of Parham, and Lord Ferrers of 
Chartley received the Viscounty of Hereford. 
William Cecil, the new Secretary, Dr. Cheke, the 
King's Tutor, Henry Sydney, one of the Chief 
Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber, received, the 
honour of knighthood. 

One of the first proceedings of the Council was 
to repay themselves for their expenses during the 
insurrections, a very discreditable and unpatriotic 

1 Percy Earl of Northumberland was then under attainder. 



108 KING EDWAED VI 

claim to press ; with the country on the verge 
of ruin. 

Yet there was a great change for the better. 
The King was well served by his departmental 
officials, admirably by his very able diplomatists, 
with zeal and diligence by his secretaries, with 
laborious care and enthusiasm by his divines, not 
so well by his judges. There must necessarily be 
a guiding head to form the general policy and 
steer the ship of State ; and Northumberland was 
by far the ablest man on the Council. He was 
much too wise to seek the title of Protector or 
any ostensible pre-eminence over his colleagues. 
His influence gained him real power. He was 
supported steadily by Pembroke, Shrewsbury, 
Bedford, Winchester, Suffolk, and Northampton, 
and the others followed. The policy of the Council 
in general questions was the policy of Northumber- 
land. Arundel and Paget for a time offered an 
ineffective opposition. But the master mind was 
Northumberland's, and for three years and eight 
months the gallant admiral steered the country 
as he had commanded the fleet, ably and resolutely 
according to his lights. 

The first need of the country, in the ruined 
and defenceless condition to which the Protector's 



EULE OP THE COUNCIL 109 

misrule had reduced it, was peace. Northumber- 
land made the first overtures through an Italian, 
who offered his services, named Antonio Guidotti. 
Negotiations were opened, and peace was signed 
on March 24, 1550. Boulogne was a useless 
encumbrance, and by the former treaty it was 
to be restored in eight years from 1546. Only half 
the time had elapsed. It was now agreed to restore 
it at once, on payment by the French of 40,000 
crowns. Hostages were appointed on each side, 
until the terms of the treaty were fulfilled. This 
gave occasion for the feting of Frenchmen in 
London, and of Englishmen in Paris. The latter 
included the eldest sons of Dudley, Somerset, 
Shrewsbury, and Bedford. Sir John Mason, a 
time-server with enlightened views respecting free 
trade, went as ambassador to the Court of Henry II. 1 
He was succeeded in 1551 by Sir William Pickering, 
who is described as an able statesman, a ripe 
scholar, an elegant courtier, and an uncommonly 
handsome man ' of tall stature and dignified 
presence.' 

1 Henry II. of France succeeded his father, Francis I., in 1547. 
Henry was born at St. Germains on March 31, 1518. In October 
1543 he married Catherine de Medicis, and had five sons and three 
daughters. King Edward VI. was godfather to the third surviving 
son, afterwards Henry III., born in 1551. Henry II. was killed by 
accident in 1559. 



110 KING EDWAKD VI 

The French ambassadors for the ratification 
of the treaty, Chastillon, Mortier, and Buchatel, 
were lodged at Durham House, and were cordially 
entertained by King Edward, as will appear more 
fully in its place. Afterwards a stately embassy 
went to Paris to invest Henry II. with the Garter. 
The Marquis of Northampton was the ambassador, 
attended by other English nobles, Chancellor 
Goodrich being the orator. A few months later 
Edward VI. was invested with the order of St. 
Michael. 

This peace represented a wise and far-seeing 
policy. An entente cordiale with France was a 
fixed idea with Edward VI., as it was with our 
wisest sovereigns, Queen Elizabeth and the Pro- 
tector Oliver, and as it is with Edward VII. 

The government of the Council was strong 
and firm, though sometimes tyrannical. There 
was no vacillation. The laws had to be obeyed. 
Northumberland had adopted the policy of 
establishing a Protestant Church. He had no 
strong religious convictions, and when his own 
end came, and he needed religion, he turned to 
that of his youth. He acted entirely from the 
point of view of a statesman, and took the course 
which appeared best for the country. With his 




NICHOLAS RIDLEY, BISHOP OF LONDON. 
From an Engraving by J. Cochran. 



EULE OF THE COUNCIL 111 

eyes open he finally broke with Mary, the Emperor, 
and Spain, and cultivated the French alliance. 
Seeing young Edward so full of life and energy, 
though delicate, he never seems to have brought 
the boy's death into his calculations until it was 
too late. 

In 1552 the Parliament authorised the new 
Prayer Book and passed an Act of Uniformity. 
There were also Acts for the relief of the poor, for 
fasts and holidays, against simony and usury, and 
for the suppression of Henry's unnecessary 
bishopric of Westminster. The Council saw that 
the laws were enforced. If the Bishops would not 
obey they were sent to prison. Gardiner of 
Winchester found himself in the Tower, Bonner 
of London was sent to the Marshalsea. Their sees 
were made vacant, and filled by Dr. Ponet and 
kind-hearted Ridley, who allowed Bonner's aged 
mother to remain in the bishop's palace. Tunstall 
of Durham and Day of Chichester were also pro- 
ceeded against and imprisoned. King Edward 
interfered in favour of Dr. Day, the friend of his 
tutor. Somerset had caused an inventory of 
church plate to be made. The Council went 
further, and appointed Commissioners to seize 
the plate and valuables in all churches. It was 



112 KING EDWAED VI 

a monstrous act of pillage. The chantries were also 
appropriated for the King's use ; yet, apart from 
these high-handed measures, the good work of 
the Reformation was making progress. 

The fortifications and the navy had been 
alike neglected. Northumberland at once pro- 
ceeded to take steps to remedy the evil, and the 
young King, who had studied the subject, took 
a special interest in the repairs and plans. A 
survey of the works at Calais and Guisnes led to 
designs which were sanctioned for improving the 
haven, and repairing the fortified line. Edward 
gives the details in his Journal. The works at 
Berwick also received attention. 

The navy was placed in the efficient hands of 
Lord Clinton. Ships were ordered to be refitted 
and commissioned to keep the narrow seas and put 
down piracy. Charles V. became an enemy of 
the English Government, threatening reprisals if 
his cousin Mary's mass priests were molested. 
He prepared a squadron of ships under a com- 
mander, called Scipperus in Edward's Journal, to 
watch the eastern coasts. But England now had 
a very able admiral at the head of affairs, as well 
as an efficient admiral in command of the navy. 
They were quite able to deal with Scipperus. 



EULE OF THE COUNCIL 113 

All the ships in Gillingham Water were com- 
missioned, rigged, provided with ordnance, and 
made ready for sea. Another smaller squadron 
was sent after pirates. 

It was intended to devote the 40,000 crowns 
paid by the French to the forts and the navy. 
But the financial situation was most serious. 
The evil inheritance of a debased currency left 
by Henry's misgovernment was causing ruin and 
distress, and no one had as yet proposed an efficient 
remedy. In 1545 the precious metal had been 
reduced by Henry VIII. to the lowest degree of 
fineness that ever disgraced the English Mint. 
Gold should be of twenty-three carats. It was 
reduced to twenty carats. The tyrant was 
deliberately cheating his people by welshing. 
His successors found an enormous quantity of 
base gold and silver in circulation, and its redemp- 
tion seemed impossible. Of course prices rose 
enormously, and there was much distress. The 
executors continued the methods of their former 
master. The alloy was even increased and money 
was borrowed. They issued 40,000^. in coin with 
three-quarters alloy. The only remedy was to 
call it all in, and re-coin. At last the Council 
resolved to resume the coining of money at a pure 

I 



114 KING EDWAED VI 

standard, and Henry's system of peculation was 
not again resorted to. Young Edward took a very 
special interest in the restoration of the currency, 
and studied the subject with care. 

The Council carefully provided for their own 
security. In a new Treason Act the offence was 
against the Council during the minority, as well as 
against the King ; but, on the other hand, not only 
was no one to be attainted without two witnesses, 
but the witnesses were to be brought face to face 
with the accused. 1 The Council also raised 900 
men for their own protection, which was called a 
gendarmerie. In a few more years, in October 
1555, the young King would reach his majority. 
Alas ! for the disappointment of such bright 
hopes. 

THE COUNCIL, 1549-1553 

Dr. Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury. 3 
Dr. Tunstall, Bishop of Durham. 
Dr. Goodrich, Bishop of Ely, Lord Chancellor. 3 
Montagu, Chief Justice. 3 
Bromley, Judge. 

John Dudley, Viscount Lisle, Earl of Warwick, Duke of 
Northumberland, K.G. 2 3 4 

1 Burnet, ii. p. 181.' 

2 Tudor and new nobility. 

3 Signed the Letters Patent for Jane to be Queen. 

4 Sat on Somerset's trial. 



EULE OP THE COUNCIL 115 

William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke, Master of the 
Horse, KG. 2 3 4 

Eussell, Earl of Bedford, Lord Privy Seal. 34 
Grey, Marquis of Dorset, Duke of Suffolk, E.G. 1 3 
Paulet, Marquis of Winchester, Lord High Treasurer, 
KG. 234 

Parr, Marquis of Northampton, Lord Chamberlain, 
KG. 234 

Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel, E.G. 1 3 
Nevill, Earl of Westmorland, K.G. 1 3 
Hastings, Earl of Huntingdon, K.G. 1 3 4 
Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury, K.G. 1 3 
Fiennes, Baron Clinton, Lord High Admiral, K.G. 1 3 
Paget, Lord Paget of Beaudesert, K.G. 2 3 4 
Brooke, Lord Cobham, K.G. 1 3 4 

Darcy, Lord Darcy of Chich, Chamberlain of the House- 
hold, K.G. 2 3 4 

Ferrers, Lord Ferrers of Chartley, Viscount Hereford. 1 
Sir Anthony Wingfield (died 1552), Controller of the 
Household, K.G. 1 

Sir Edward North (Court of Augmentations). 1 3 
Sir John Baker, Chancellor of the Exchequer and 
Speaker. 1 3 

Sir Anthony Browne, K.G. 1 3 
Sir John Gage, Constable of the Tower, K.G. 1 3 
Sir Ealph Sadleir, Master of the Wardrobe. 1 3 
Sir John Mason, Secretary for the French tongue. 2 3 
Sir Thomas Cheyney, Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, 
KG. 1 3 

Sir Philip Hoby, Diplomatist. 2 

Lord Eich, former Chancellor, superseded by Dr. Good- 
rich. 1 3 4 

1 Old nobility. 

2 Tudor and new nobility. 

3 Signed tbe Letters Patent for Jane to be Queen. 

4 Sat on Somerset's trial. 

I 2 



116 KING EDWAED VI 

Sir John Gates, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. 2 3 
Sir Kobert Bowes (representing the City), Master of the 

Bolls. 2 

Dr. Wotton, Dean of Canterbury, Diplomatist. 1 

Sir William Petre, 1 3 Sir William Cecil, 2 3 Secretaries of 

State. 

William Thomas, 2 Clerk of the Council. 

MONEY OP EDWAED VI 



s. d. 

Gold— Angel . .98 

Old Eiall . 14 6 

New sovereign 20 



s. d. 
Silver — Crown . .50 
(King mounted in 
armour) 
Half-crown . 2 6 
Shilling . 12 

Teston . .06 
Groat . .01 
Inscriptions : Obverse — Edwardus VI. Dei gratia Anglie 

et Francie et Hibernie Eex. 
Eeverses (gold) — Jesus autem transiens per 
medium illorum ibat. 
Scutum fidei proteget eum. 
Per crucem tuam salve nos 

Christe redemptor. 
Lucerna pedibus meis 
verbum tuum. 
,, (silver) — Timor Domini fons vite. 
Inimicos ejus induam con- 
fusione. 

1 Old nobility. 

2 Tudor and new nobility. 

3 Signed tbe Letters Patent for Jane to be Queen. 



XI 

A KING AT LAST 

The fall of Somerset made a great change in the 
young King's position. Apart from his studies 
with Dr. Cheke, which he enjoyed, he had led 
a wretched life during the last two years. Pre- 
vented from intercourse with those who were nearest 
and dearest to him, stinted as regards money, 
under constant espionage by the terrible Duchess, 
cross-examined with the object of getting up 
charges against his favourite uncle, seeing that 
uncle condemned and executed, forced, when 
very ill, to leave his bed and ride through a cold 
autumn night, and feeling, as he told the Council, 
as if he was a prisoner, young Edward must have 
rejoiced when the ' protection ' came to an end. 

When the Council resumed their proper func- 
tions Edward was first allowed to feel that he 
was the King. Treated with respect and defer- 
ence, his wishes were consulted with regard to 



118 KING EDWARD VI 

the household appointments. His tutor was 
knighted, his beloved friend Barnaby, though still 
very young, was sworn as a Gentleman of the 
Privy Chamber. Edward now felt that he was 
a King with responsibilities, and that attention 
would be paid to his wishes. He was in his 
thirteenth year. It was natural that the man 
who was chiefly instrumental in making this great 
change should win the young King's affection 
and trust. This may have been Northumberland's 
object. There was certainly wisdom in the course 
he took. 

Among older men, the Marquis of Winchester, 
Lord Darcy of Chich, Sir Thomas Wroth, the 
King's cousin's husband, Sir E. Rogers, his mother's 
cousin, Lord Wentworth, were specially appointed 
to be in attendance. There can be no doubt that 
Edward was consulted in the selection of these 
officials, and that at least three were nominated 
by him. 

King Edward entered upon various duties, 
not the least important being the reception and 
entertainment of distinguished visitors. His many 
engaging qualities made him an ideal prince in the 
performance of these duties. His first guests were 
the French ambassadors. On July 19, 1550, 



A KING AT LAST 119 

they supped with His Majesty, who afterwards 
took them to see a dozen courses run. On the 
20th he took them out hunting with his hounds, 
and then to some target practice, where they saw 
him shoot, and all his guards shoot together. 
M. de Chastillon dined with the King, heard his 
Majesty play on the lute, and afterwards supped 
with him. On the 27th Edward again took the 
ambassadors out hunting, and on the 28th he 
took them to see some coursing in Hyde Park, and 
entertained them at dinner there. On another 
day Edward amused them with sports at Hampton 
Court, and on the river, where there were displays 
of wild fire thrown out of boats, and many other 
pretty conceits. The ambassadors had invested 
the King with the Order of St. Michael on July 17, 
and in return the King had entertained them 
right royally. 

Edward's next experience in the regal reception 
of a visitor was when Mary of Guise, the widow of 
his cousin, James V., having a safe-conduct to pass 
through England to Scotland, landed at Ports- 
mouth to see the young King. Edward ordered 
her to be welcomed with royal hospitality. She 
was received at Sir Richard Cotton's house, next 
at Cowdray by Sir Anthony Browne, where the 



120 KING EDWAED VI 

gentlemen of Sussex met her, and next at Guild- 
ford, where she was received by the gentlemen 
of Surrey. The Queen Dowager of Scotland 
journeyed thence to Hampton Court. At two 
and a half miles from the palace a splendid 
cavalcade awaited her, consisting of members of 
Council, gentlemen of the Privy Chamber, and 
120 gentlemen of the county. At the palace gate 
were the Countess of Pembroke and sixty other 
ladies, who conducted her to her apartments. 

During that night, and all the next day, 
Edward entertained Mary of Guise with dancing 
and pastimes. On the second day she was taken 
over the palace and grounds, and saw some cours- 
ing of deer. 

On November 2 Mary of Guise was taken to 
the lodgings provided for her in London, in the 
Bishop's Palace, when she was received by the 
Earls of Warwick and Wiltshire, eldest sons of 
Northumberland and Winchester. 

On the 4th was Edward's grand reception of 
the Scottish Queen Dowager at the palace of 
Westminster. A gorgeous cavalcade escorted her, 
including the Duchess of Eichmond, Edward's 
cousins Frances and Margaret, Lady Jane Grey, 
the Countesses of Arundel, Bedford, Huntingdon, 



A KING AT LAST ]21 

and Rutland, and about a hundred others. The 
Duke of Northumberland and Earl of Pembroke 
awaited her at the gate, and the King, surrounded 
by his Council, met her in the hall and conducted 
her to the presence chamber, guards lining the 
walls on both sides. A state dinner followed. 
The queen dined with Edward, on his left hand, 
under the same cloth of estate. Behind her 
dined Edward's two cousins, Frances and Margaret. 1 
Behind the King sat the French Ambassador. 
There were two cupboards, one loaded with gold 
plate four stages high, another full of massy 
silver in six stages. After dinner there was some 
music. Then the King conducted his guest to 
the hall in the same order, and she departed. 
Next day the Lord Steward, the Lord Treasurer, 
and the Lord Privy Seal waited upon her to 
deliver a diamond ring and two palfreys as tokens 
from the King. 

On the 6th Mary of Guise left London in great 
state. Her escort consisted of the Duke of North- 
umberland with a band of 100 men, forty in 
black velvet and white sleeves, and sixty in cloth ; 
of the Earl of Pembroke with his band of fifty men, 
of the Earl of Wiltshire with fifty men of his 

1 Duchess of Suffolk and Countess of Cumberland, 



122 KING EDWAED VI 

father's band, all the pensioners and men at arms, 
the King's cousin Margaret, the Duchesses of 
Northumberland and Richmond. They brought 
the Queen by Cheapside and Cornhill to Shoreditch. 
There she was met by one hundred gentlemen of 
Middlesex, and so she was conveyed to Scotland, 
being met at each boundary by an escort of the 
gentlemen of the county. 

The courtesy and regal bearing of young 
Edward on these occasions aroused general admira- 
tion and a feeling of loyalty, with fond hopes for 
the future. All seemed full of promise. 

But this year 1551 was a sad one for the King. 
He had to mourn the loss of two dear friends and 
companions. Their mother was the Duchess of 
Suffolk, Lady Wiiloughby d'Eresby in her own 
right. Though her mother was a Spaniard, and 
the life-long friend of Catherine of Aragon, the 
Duchess was an ardent Protestant. She was a 
lady of infinite wit, a friend of young Edward, 
and a friend and frequent correspondent of Sir 
William Cecil. She was devoted to her two sons, 
Henry Brandon Duke of Suffolk and Lord Charles 
Brandon. When they went to Cambridge she 
lived there to be near them, and became a friend 
of the learned Bucer. Before the coronation King 



A KING AT LAST 123 

Edward had created his two Brandon playfellows 
Knights of the Bath. The elder is described as 
having a calm, gentle, and reflective mind, while 
the younger was of a bold and martial spirit. 
One would have been Edward's Minister, the 
other would have commanded his armies. They 
had just written funeral orations on the death of 
their old friend Bucer. The Duke was fifteen, 
and his brother Charles fourteen. 

In 1551 the sweating sickness broke out at 
Cambridge. The Duchess was ill in London. 
The two boys, with a young friend named George 
Stanley, were hurried off to a village called Kingston 
about five miles from Cambridge. A few hours 
after their arrival young Stanley died. The 
Brandon boys were then sent to Bugden, a house 
belonging to the Bishop of Lincoln. They were 
received by their cousin, Lady Margaret Nevill. 
They supped with her on the evening of their 
arrival. The young Duke said ' Where shall we 
sup to-morrow evening ? ' ' With me, I trust,' 
Lady Margaret replied. He answered, ' No, never 
shall we sup again together.' The Duchess hurried 
to Bugden, and five hours afterwards both boys 
were struck down with the fatal sickness. They 
were in separate rooms. At the moment the 



124 KING EDWAKD VI 

Duke expired, Charles said ' My brother is dead.' 
He followed the same night, July 16, 1551. 

Overwhelmed with grief, the Duchess retired 
to Grimthorpe, her seat in Lincolnshire, whence 
she wrote a resigned letter to Cecil dated Sep- 
tember 1551. In course of time she married 
a very old friend, and a friend of her boys, 
Mr. Richard Bertie. Persecuted by Mary, the 
Duchess and her husband escaped abroad, and 
she became the mother of Peregrine Lord Wil- 
loughby, Elizabeth's diplomatist and general. 

Mr. Bertie wrote some Latin verses on the 
deaths of Henry and Charles Brandon, which 
Lady Georgina Bertie thus rendered into English : 

Oh ye ! who lately struck the mournful chord 

Of funeral woe, and Bucer's loss deplored, 

Who shed the precious balm of youthful tears 

O'er him whose hoary head was crowned with years. 

Are ye all silent now ? And can it be 

That both are thus cut off, by fate's decree ! 

Yet blind necessity has not struck the blow 

That laid the blossoms of our hopes so low. 

Though short to us, their lives for them too long 

Who changed an earthly for a heavenly song, 

And left th' endearments of a mother's love 

For sweeter commune still in realms above. 

Oh ! in those glorious courts where sorrows cease, 

Souls of the pure and blest, for ever rest in peace. 



XII 

RELIGIOUS REFORMS. SERMONS 
BEFORE THE KING, ETC. 

Edward's religious education had been most 
carefully conducted. He had been taught all 
that was pure and good in the Catholic worship of 
his ancestors, while he was impressed with the 
urgent need for rooting out the more recent errors 
and corrupt practices in what he was taught to 
call ' papistry.' The seed fell on good ground, 
and the young King was unfeignedly devout, 
and anxious in all ways to forward the cause of 
Gospel truth. 

Among his councillors he saw little to en- 
courage him. They were engaged in pillage, 
destruction, and self-seeking. Church property, 
when confiscated, belonged to the State, to be used 
for State purposes. But it was appropriated by 
the unprincipled statesmen forming the Council. 
One line in the King's Journal sums up the character 



126 KING EDWAED VI 

of their proceedings : ' Covent Garden and Long 
Acre were given to the Earl of Bedford, June 10, 
1552.' 

It is true that there were honest and saintly- 
men among the clergy. The Archbishop of Canter- 
bury, though weak and vacillating, was a fervent 
seeker after truth, and a true lover of his country. 
He promoted the dissemination of Gospel truth, 
and revised editions of the Bible were published 
by Grafton, from 1539 to 1553. 1 Good old 
Cranmer was hard at work completing the Book 
of Common Prayer. He had learned assistance, 
but it was mainly his own production, and his 
hand is apparent throughout. Cranmer gave our 
Liturgy that spiritual life and beauty which have 
secured the love and reverence of all future genera- 
tions. His alterations were only made when it was 
absolutely necessary. He had a loving tenderness 
and care for all that was really Catholic in the 
old forms. He strove only to uproot the tares. 
Many of the prayers were very beautiful transla- 
tions from the Breviary. The First Prayer Book 
of King Edward was completed in 1548. 

1 In Edward's first Parliament Communion in both kinds for 
the laity was enacted (November 4, 1547). The first Prayer Book 
was printed in June 1548. 




THOMAS CRANMER, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY. 

From an Engraving by W. Holl after the Painting by ' Gerbicus Flicciis' 
in the British Museum. 



BELIGIOUS EEFOEMS, ETC. 127 

Cranmer earnestly desired that all the Protestant 
communities should agree, and he sought help and 
advice from abroad, which was perhaps a mistake. 
Learned divines were invited to come to England. 

Martin Bucer was born at Strassburg in 1491, 
was a Dominican monk and studied at Heidelberg. 
He was convinced that the Church needed reform, 
and became a disciple of Luther and a strong 
opponent of popery. He came to England at 
Cranmer's invitation, and was chosen Professor 
of Divinity at Cambridge, where he died in 
February 1550. 

Peter Martyr was born at Florence, his family 
name being Vermigli. He studied Greek at Padua, 
became an Austin Canon and a celebrated preacher. 
Having mastered Hebrew as well as Greek, he held 
the appointments of Abbot of Spoleto and Principal 
of the College of St. Peter at Naples. Biblical 
studies convinced him of the errors of popery, and 
in 1542 he went to Switzerland, and declared him- 
self a Protestant ; afterwards filling the theo- 
logical chair at Strassburg. Accepting an invita- 
tion to come to England, Peter Martyr was made 
Professor of Divinity at Oxford, and a Canon of 
Christ Church. 

John Alasco or Laski was a Polish nobleman, 



128 KING EDWAED VI 

born in the castle of Laski in 1499. His uncle was 
the Primate of Poland, and he was educated in 
the Archiepiscopal Palace at Cracow. He was with 
his uncle at the Lateran Council, and took his 
degree at Bologna. In 1523 he was at Basle where 
he met Erasmus, and lived for a year in his house. 
He was Bishop of Vesprin and Archdeacon of 
Warsaw ; but in 1538 he embraced the Protestant 
religion and became pastor of a congregation at 
Emden. Alasco was a reformer of the extreme 
Swiss school. At Cranmer's invitation he came 
to London in 1550, and was superintendent of a 
congregation of foreign Protestants, organised 
on the Presbyterian model. Alasco took Hooper's 
view about vestments. He visited Bucer at 
Cambridge, and had great influence at the Court 
of Edward VI. The church of Austin Friars in 
London was granted to his congregation in July 
1550. 

Cranmer was prevailed upon by these foreign 
divines, and by the more advanced Protestants 
among his own countrymen, to undertake the re- 
vision of the Prayer Book of 1548. Oil in confirma- 
tion, extreme unction, and prayers for the dead were 
set aside, and some other alterations were made. 
The second Prayer Book of King Edward was 



EELIGIOUS KEFORMS, ETC. 129 

established by Act of Parliament in January 1552, 
and the Articles of Religion in the following year. 
We owe it to Cranmer that our Church remained 
a true branch of the Catholic Church ; that all that 
was good in the ancient traditions was retained ; 
and that tolerance and forbearance distinguish 
the Anglican Church from all sectarian dissenters. 
All who love our beautiful liturgy must revere 
the name of Cranmer. It is his imperishable 
monument. 

The Calvinists and Presbyterians were as cruel 
and intolerant as the Papists, though all their 
claws are now cut. The Anglican Church is 
nearest, among all the modern forms of Christi- 
anity, to the divine original. 

Young Edward took a keen interest in the 
religious work of Cranmer, and was a close student 
of divinity. We have from his pen a compilation 
on idolatry from the Scriptures, written in French, 
now preserved in the library of Trinity College, 
Cambridge. He also wrote his views on the 
papacy, 1 and on faith. 

During Lent of each year special sermons were 
preached before the King on Sundays. Some 

1 Thirty-seven leaves, with quotations from Scripture in the 
margins. Begun December 13, 1547 ; finished March 14, 1548. 

K 



130 KING EDWAED VI 

were by Ridley, the excellent and kind-hearted 
Bishop of London. Another preacher was honest 
old Hugh Latimer. A pulpit was set up in the 
King's privy garden at Westminster, and the 
whole Court attended. Latimer always said the 
Lord's Prayer before the sermon, to inculcate it 
into the memories of the people. His sermons 
were plain and very practical. He was absolutely 
fearless, and he denounced the evils around him 
without regard to rank or position. What he 
thought and believed he said, and flattery 
from such a man was impossible. We may, 
therefore, accept what old Latimer says of 
Edward as what he was convinced to be the 
truth. 

' Blessed be the land, saith the Word of God, 
where the King is noble. What people are they 
that say, " the King is but a child " ? Have not 
we a noble King ! Was there ever King so noble ? 
so godly, brought up with such noble counsel, 
such excellent and well learned schoolmasters ? 
I will tell you this. I speak it even as I think. 
His Majesty hath more godly wit and understand- 
ing, more learning and knowledge at this age than 
twenty of his progenitors, that I could name, 
had at any time of their lives.' 



EELIGIOUS KEFOKMS, ETC. 131 

Latimer gave excellent and patriotic advice, 
especially that all boys and men should be taught 
the art of shooting. 'It is a gift of God,' he 
urged, ' that He hath given us to excel all other 
nations. Withal it hath been God's instrument 
whereby He hath given us many victories against 
our enemies. I desire ye, my Lords, even as ye 
love the honour and glory of God, and intend to 
remove His indignation, let there be sent forth 
some proclamation, some sharp proclamation to 
the Justices of Peace, for they do not their 
duty. Charge them, upon their allegiance, 
that this singular benefit of God may be prac- 
tised. In my time my poor father was as diligent 
to teach me to shoot, as to learn any other 
thing, and so I think other men did their 
children.' 

Latimer also boldly preached against corrup- 
tion among judges and officials. The proof of 
his persuasive eloquence is in the result. He 
urged corrupt officials to make restitution, declar- 
ing that bribes were taken, that the King was 
robbed, and that the guilty ones would go to the 
devil if his denunciations were not attended to. 
The guilty listeners were conscience-smitten. One 
came privately to Latimer after the sermon and 



132 KING EDWAKD VI 

paid him £340. Latimer gave it to the Council. 
Next year the same man brought £183. Latimer 
refused to betray him ; but he continued to preach 
against bribery and corruption. He next de- 
nounced the Mint, and this induced Sharrington, 
Master of the Mint at Bristol, to make restitu- 
tion. The old man was a true and faithful 
servant of his Master and a stirring preacher of 
His word. 1 

Edward had only one occasion for showing his 
hatred of cruelty, and his determination not to 
countenance religious persecution. Joan Boucher 
persisted in some heretical opinion, and the Council 
wanted to burn her. The King positively refused 
his consent. They sent Cranmer to him, and, 
after long resistance, he only yielded to the Arch- 
bishop's importunities because he was a minor, 
throwing all the blame before God on his 
advisers. 

This was not Edward's way of extirpating false 
doctrine. He desired that a good catechism 
should be prepared for the instruction of the rising 
generation at schools and colleges. His old tutor, 



1 Latimer's seven Lenten sermons, preached before the King 
in 1549, were published in 1549. There have since been many 
editions, the latest by the Parker Society, 1844. 



EELIGIOUS RBFOEMS, ETC. 133 

Dr. Cox, had been transferred from the Deanery 
of Christ Church to that of Westminster in 1549. 
Through him the King became acquainted with 
the headmaster of Westminster School, Dr. Alex- 
ander Nowell, who was ' very famous for religion 
and learning,' and introduced the reading of 
Terence among the Westminster boys. Nowell 
was also a good angler, fishing in the river near 
his living of Much Hadham. The headmaster 
composed a catechism, 1 which Edward said ' was 
made by a certain pious and learned man, and 
presented to me.' He ordered it to be taught in 
all schools. 

King Edward wished all ancient rules to be 
modified so as to be in conformity with the reformed 
religion, including the statutes of the Order of the 
Garter. Ashmole tells us that ' he went about 
to alter and reform such things in the statutes 
as seemed inconsistent with the religion he had 
established.' 2 Annual chapters were held on 
April 23, generally at Greenwich, and Committees 
of Revision were appointed. Several drafts were 
prepared, Edward himself taking great interest in 
the matter. He composed a draft of the revised 

1 Catechismus brevis Christian.ee disciplines summam continens. 
3 Ashmole's Order of the Garter, p. 194. 



134 KING EDWAED VI 

statutes in Latin, 1 and on March 17, 1553, the 
new statutes were published. 

There was a committee of learned divines and 
lawyers to codify the ecclesiastical laws. The 
young King also took great interest in the promo- 
tion of education. Although he did not found 
and endow twenty schools in different parts 
of the country, as Strype supposed, yet some 
schools were founded in his reign : one at Coventry 

1 In his own handwriting (Cottonian MSS. Nero, C. x.). Mary 
abrogated the new statutes, ordering them to be expunged and 
made void. In 1560 Elizabeth appointed a committee to reconsider 
the matter. 

The Latin MS. was purchased in Berlin, by chance, by the Grand 
Duke of Hesse and presented to Queen Victoria. An English MS., 
formerly belonging to John Anstis, Garter King 1718 to 1745, now 
belongs to the Royal Library at Windsor. Sir E. Maunde Thompson 
wrote a paper on these two manuscripts, which was read at the 
Society of Antiquaries on May 4, 1893, and printed in Archceologia. 

There are five documents connected with the revision of the 
Statutes of the Garter, which originated with the King or passed 
through his hands, of which three are entirely in his own hand- 
writing. The three holograph documents are in the Cotton MSS., 
Nero, C. x. They have been printed by Gough Nichols (ii. 511). 
Edward's second English and Latin schemes were probably written 
in the middle of 1551. The young King was anxious not only to 
purge the Order of all Popish practices, but also to make the ancient 
institution subservient to the promotion of learning and the general 
improvement of the country. The new statutes were finally adopted 
on March 17, 1553. They were in force until September 27, 1553, 
when Mary replaced them with those of Henry VIII. , 1522. 

In both the Windsor and the Queen's MS. there are corrections 
in Edward's handwriting. In the Windsor MS. there are also 
alterations by Cecil. 



EELIGIOUS EEFOEMS, ETC. 135 

by John Hales. Christ's Hospital, St. Thomas's 
Hospital, St. Bartholomew's Hospital were en- 
dowed, and the palace of Bridewell J was given up 
as a home for the reform of vagrants and disorderly 
persons. 

A great advance was certainly made in religion, 
education, and charity during this young King's 
short but memorable reign. 2 

1 There is a portrait of King Edward on his throne granting the 
charter of his palace of Bridewell to the citizens of London. Sir 
George Barne, the Lord Mayor, is kneeling to receive the charter. 
Dr. Goodrich, Bishop of Ely and Lord Chancellor, is on the King's 
right; Sir Bobert Bowes, Master of the Bolls, and the Earl of 
Pembroke on the left. The picture was engraved by Vertue in 1750. 

2 Many letters, which must have been of great interest, passed 
between young Edward and Cranmer. Bichard Morice, the Arch- 
bishop's secretary, preserved them ; but his house was rifled during 
the Marian terror, and the letters were destroyed. Only two were 
preserved, which are given by Fox. 



136 



KING EDWARD VI 



KING EDWARD'S BISHOPS 



Twenty-six 
Sees 


Names 


Remarks 


Treatment by Mary 


Canterbury 


Cranmer . 





Burnt to death. Martyr. 


York 


Holgate . 


Wealthy. Charitable and 
generous 


Robbed and ruined. 


London . 


Ridley . 


Learned, excellent, and 
kind-hearted 


Burnt to death. Martyr. 


Durham . 


Tunstall . 


On the Council. Half 

Papist 
Gardiner deposed . 


Complied. 


Winchester 


Ponet 


Escaped abroad. Died 








1556 


Ely . . . 


Goodrich ' 


Lord Chancellor 


Deprived. Died 1554. 


Lincoln . 


Taylor . 


Married .... 


Deprived. 


Lichfield. 


Sampson . 


Complied with all 
changes 


Complied. 


Salisbury 


Capon (alias 
Salcot) 


Robber. Complied . 


Complied. 


Bath and Wells 


Barlow . 


Consecrator of Arch- 
bishop Parker 


Escaped abroad. 


Exeter . 


Ooverdale(1551 


Consecrator of Arch- 


Escaped abroad. 




succeeded 


bishop Parker 






Voysey) 






Worcester 


Heath . 


Made Archbishop of 
York by Mary 


Complied. 




Before him La- 


— 


Burnt to death. Martyr. 




timer 






Gloucester 


Hooper (1550) 


— 


Burnt to death. Martyr. 


Hereford . 


Harley 


Continued to teach in 


Deprived. 




(Skyffe?) 


woods and secret 
places 




Chichester 


Scory(1551) . 


Eriend of Alasco. At 
Emden. Consecrator 
of Archbishop Parker 


Escaped abroad. 


Rochester 


Ridley (1547), 
Ponet, Scory 


— 


— 


Oxford . 


King 


Died 1551. See vacant 


Complied with all 






ten years 


changes. 


Peterborough . 


Chambre . 


Died 1550. He had been 








Abbot 


— 


Bristol . 


Bush 


Married .... 


Deprived. 


Carlisle . 


Aldrich . 


Had been Provost of 
Eton and Canon of 
Windsor 


Deprived. 


Chester . 


Bird 


Married .... 


Deprived. 


Norwich . 


Thirlby . 


Wretched time-server . 


Translated to Ely. 


Llandaff . . 1 


Kitchin . 


Complied with all 
changes. Robber 


Complied. 


Bangor . 


Bulkeley . 


Blind (died 1552). See 
vacant three years 


— 


St. Asaph 


Parfoy (alias 
Warton) 


Robber .... 


— 


St. Davids 


Ferrar 


— 


Burnt to death. Martyr. 


SodorandMan 


H. Mann . 


Dean of Chester 


— 



Under Mary : five burnt, six deprived, four escaped abroad, nine complied. 



XIII 

KING EDWARD AS A STATESMAN 

As Edward progressed with his studies, he became 
more and more interested in the work that was 
to occupy his life, more and more desirous of 
mastering the details of statecraft. His tutors 
were still with him or near him. As Dean of 
Westminster Dr. Cox was close at hand. Dr. 
Cheke remained as a Gentleman of the Chamber 
and was knighted. 

Following Sir John Cheke's advice, the young 
King began to keep a regular Journal in March 
1550, which has been preserved. 1 It ends in 

1 Cottonian MSS. Nero, C. x. The Journal was printed by- 
Bishop Burnet in his History of the Reformation, and more 
recently, in 1857, by J. G. Nichols. Hallam doubted whether 
Edward wrote it, and Froude thought that Thomas might have 
written part. Burnet and Nichols had no doubt that Edward 
wrote the Journal ; and, indeed, there is not the slightest ground 
for any doubt. Edward may have copied notes or memoranda into 
it, which were furnished to him from time to time. The Journal 
consists of sixty-eight leaves folio. 



138 KING EDWARD VI 

November 1552. It begins with a brief resume of 
the proceedings of the previous years of his reign, 
including a spirited and well-written account of 
the campaign in Scotland. His Journal records 
his movements, his sports, as well as public events ; 
and clear notices of the affairs of the Emperor 
and of his war with Henry II. This attention to 
foreign affairs shows that he read the despatches 
of his ambassadors with care. 

Edward VI. was well served by his diplomatists. 
Sir John Mason was an excellent linguist and a 
close observer, with liberal economic views. Sir 
Philip Hoby was a negotiator of ability. Sir 
Richard Morrison was a more conscientious man 
and not a time-server. He was at the Court of 
the Emperor. Sir William Pickering did good 
service at Paris. 

But the most valuable, as regards guidance in 
a King's duties, and not the least faithful of 
Edward's servants, was Master Thomas, the Clerk 
of the Council. William Thomas was a native of 
Radnorshire, and was a student at Oxford in 1529. 
He then passed several years in Italy, returning 
in 1549. He studied at Bologna and Padua, 
acquiring a thorough knowledge of the Italian 
language. He had written a ' History of Italy ' 



KING EDWAED AS A STATESMAN 139 

and an Italian grammar and dictionary, the first 
of its kind. His style is always lucid and his 
orthography better than that of most of his con- 
temporaries. He went to Paris in 1551 with the 
embassy of the new Marquis of Northampton 
(Parr), touching the marriage of the French 
Princess Elizabeth. For his years, Thomas was 
one of the most learned men of his time. 1 

As the King increased in years and knowledge, 
the Council, perhaps Dudley, began to show 
uneasiness and even jealousy. Thomas had under- 
taken to be Edward's political instructor, but it 
had to be without the knowledge of the Council. 
One of Edward's faithful Gentlemen of the Chamber, 
Sir Nicholas Throgmorton, was the confidential 
agent who carried papers between the King and 
the Clerk of the Council. Edward had copies of 
the Council Minutes, with notes on the decisions. 
' The commonplaces of State ' contained a number 
of questions and answers respecting affairs of State, 
including the conduct of a campaign. Edward was 

1 The works of William Thomas were his History of Italy, 
4to., 1549 ; his Italian Grammar and Dictionary for the Better 
Understanding of Dante, Petrarch, and Boccaccio, 4to., 1550 ; 
Common Places of State, MS. written for Edward VI. ; Of the 
Vanity of the World, 8vo., 1549; Translation of Cato , s Speech and 
Valerius's Answer from Dec. IV. of Livy, 12mo., 1551. 



140 KING EDWAKD VI 

well acquainted with the unsatisfactory condition 
of the people caused by former misgovernment. 
He asked many questions with a view to the reform 
of abuses, and wrote a treatise in which he com- 
pared the State and its problems with a man's 
body, its ailments and remedies. His essay on a 
Free Mart was probably based on conversations 
with Sir John Mason. Thomas supplied him with 
notes on the coinage, and on the steps for restoring 
its purity. 1 There are several notes on the subject 
in his Journal. He was also concerned about the 
crown debts. No adequate measure had been 
taken for their payment except the sale of chan- 
tries. The Council attempted no scheme of 
economy, and at length the young King himself 
introduced measures of retrenchment in the house- 
hold expenses. 2 The procedure of the Council 
itself also received his attention, and he had a 
scheme ready for its more efficient working by 
small committees for the different departments. 

We can now picture to ourselves the young 
King in his study at Westminster, engaged on 

1 The King gave Thomas a special but secret order to prepare 
for him a note on the coinage. Legend on coins : ' Timor Domini 
fons vitse vel sapientiae.' 

2 The charges for the household for a week in 1549 were £828, 
or £43,000 a year. 



KING EDWAED AS A STATESMAN 141 

the State problems, with Barnaby or Sydney as 
his companion. The window looked out over the 
river alive with wherries and barges, and on the 
towers of Lambeth beyond, embosomed in trees. 
Below was the privy garden between the palace 
wall and the river parapet. Bound the walls were 
Edward's favourite books. There was his Latin 
grammar on vellum, bound in red silk. 1 On 
the shelves were Herodotus, Plutarch, Cicero, 
Petrarch, Ptolemy's Geography of 1548 (Venice), 
the ' Cronica de Espana ' of Diego de Valera (1517), 
Hall's Chronicle, Polydore Virgil, 2 the Coverdale 
Bible — these certainly, among others. Outside in 
the gallery was the world map of Cabot, engraved 
by Clement Adams, and on a side table was the 
clock made for King Edward by Bastien le Senay, 
the royal clockmaker. 

The boy King would sit near the window, his 
fair young face with a slight frown, showing that 
he was deep in thought. For the secret of his 
learning and his readiness to assume the reigns of 
government was a constitutional power of con- 
centrating his thoughts on the work in hand, and 



1 Now in the library at Lambeth. 

2 Polydore Virgil took his leave, and went back to Italy in 
1551, after forty years in England. 



142 KING EDWAKD VI 

a constitutional habit of husbanding and dividing 
his time. He had a time for conversation and 
receptions, a time for study, and a time for play, 
especially when he got away to Greenwich or 
Oatlands. 

In the time for study he sat at his little desk 
which was covered with black velvet, garnished 
with plates of copper gilt. Inside there was a 
till of cypress wood containing an inkstand of silver 
gilt, and two little silver boxes for sand. In the 
desk, besides papers, there was a gold brooch with 
a face of white agate, fifteen triangular buttons 
of gold, enamelled black and white, and as many 
small gold buttons. By his side, as he sat at his 
desk, Edward had a chest containing the reports 
and other documents supplied by Master Thomas, 
and the records of the Council's proceedings. He 
always carried the key of this chest about with him. 

Ruding gives the credit of restoring the coinage 
to the King himself. He says, ' In 1553 the 
coinage was nearly reduced to a perfect standard 
by the wise determination and unwearied exertions 
of the late King.' * Edward also turned his 

1 Mary issued a misleading proclamation with regard to a pure 
standard, which was contradicted by the indenture, which debased 
the coinage 1 dwt. worse than by the indenture of 6 Edward VI. 



KING EDWAED AS A STATESMAN 143 

attention to a reduction of the household expenses. 
The King's books of receipts and expenses were 
kept by Sir William Cavendish, Treasurer of the 
King's Chamber ; * and some of them have been 
preserved. A considerable saving had been effected 
before the close of the reign. 

Several documents belonging to Edward are 
enumerated by Burnet and Strype : 

' A discourse by William Thomas, for the King's 
use, whether it be expedient to vary with time.' 

' A discourse whether it be better for a Common- 
wealth that the power be in the nobility or the 
commonalty.' 

' A discourse entitled, " What Prince's amity 
is best." ' 

' A discourse touching His Majesty's outward 
affairs.' 

' A discourse touching the reformation of the 
coin.' 

' A paper by the King concerning a free mart 
in England.' 

' A paper by Sir William Cecil on the method 
in which the Council represents matters of State 
to the King.' 

1 Folio volumes bound in vellum, belonging to Sir Walter 
Trevelyan. Inventory of Robes in the British Museum, 2 vols. 



144 KING EDWAED VI 

' A method for the proceedings in the Council,' 
in the King's own handwriting. 

' Certain articles desired by the King's Majesty, 
for the quicker, better, and more orderly despatch 
of causes by His Majesty's Privy Council.' This 
document is not in Edward's own handwriting, but 
it is interlined by him in many places. 

These documents bear witness to the grasp 
the young King was getting of affairs of State, 
and to the thorough way in which he was pre- 
paring himself for the duties of his high office. 
Several books were presented to him, among 
others ' the Poesye of Princylye Practice,' by 
Sir William Forrest. 



XIV 

EXECUTION OF SOMERSET 

Somerset would not be satisfied with the very- 
liberal treatment he had received from the Council. 
He must have been induced to conspire by some 
evil adviser. The Duchess was at his elbow, with 
fatal influence over his weak nature. He entered 
into a conspiracy to overcome the Council and its 
gendarmerie ; and to recover the post of Protector. 
With this object he surrounded himself with 
soldiers of the Scottish and French wars, desperate 
characters whose good faith was not always to be 
relied upon. These were Sir Miles Partridge, who 
was knighted for his gallantry at the siege of 
Roxburgh ; Sir Ralph Vane, who was knighted at 
Boulogne, and created a knight banneret for his 
valour at Musselburgh ; Sir Thomas Arundel (of 
the Arundels of Lanherne), who had seen much 
service ; and Sir Thomas Palmer, 1 a cousin of Sir 

1 Thomas Palmer, of the Palmers of Angmering in Sussex, was 
a trine. Both his two brothers attained to some distinction. 



146 KING EDWAED VI 

Henry Sydney, who was knighted at Koxburgh, 
and did good service in Scotland and in putting 
down the Norfolk rising. They were all reckless 
soldiers of fortune. It would be necessary to 
surprise and overcome the gendarmerie, so men, 
with arms, were collected by Vane in Somerset's 
house ; and the original plan included the deaths 
of Northumberland, Northampton, and Pembroke. 
Palmer, probably seeing that failure was 
inevitable owing to the vacillation and incapacity 
of the leader, disclosed the whole scheme to 
Northumberland, who at once communicated it to 
the Council. On October 17, 1551, all the arrests 
were effected. The conspirators were taken by 
surprise. Somerset, his Duchess, his brother-in- 
law Sir Michael Stanhope, Arundel, Partridge, and 
Vane were sent to the Tower. Of Somerset's 
household, Newdigate, A. Seymour, Palmer, Crane 
and his wife, Hamond, Bannister, and Vaughan, 
were secured for their evidence. Lords Arundel, 
Dacre, Paget, and Grey were arrested, but soon 
released. The Sieur de Berteville, a French mer- 
cenary, who was to be employed to commit the 
murders, was also secured. Crane's confession 
confirmed the evidence of Palmer. Berteville 1 

1 Berteville was at the battle of Musselburgh or Pinkie, and 



EXECUTION OF SOMEESET 147 

confessed, and Hamond gave evidence that he 
knew of Berteville's employment for the work. 

On December 1 Somerset received a fair trial ] 
before twenty -six peers, with Winchester presiding 
as Lord Steward. His imprisonment had been 
strict, and the Lieutenant of the Tower, Sir John 
Markham, was dismissed for allowing the Duke 
to walk abroad, as we are informed in Edward's 
Journal. 

The charges were that Somerset had treasonably 
collected men in his house with an evil intent, 
that he made a party to get himself made Protector 
again, that Vane had collected men to attack the 
gendarmerie, that Somerset had designs against 
the lives of several of the Council. 

The Earl of Eutland gave evidence of Somerset's 
plan to get himself made Protector again. Lord 
Strange swore that Somerset had employed him 
to urge the King to break with France, and marry 
Lady Anne Seymour. Somerset swore that he 
had not. Somerset admitted that he had collected 

his narrative of the battle was published by the Bannatyne Club, 
1825. We are told of his employment by Somerset to kill the Duke 
of Northumberland, by King Edward in his Journal. 

1 It has been suggested that the Lords were packed. There is 
no reason whatever for supposing anything of the kind. Two of 
Somerset's near relations and several friends were among the peers. 

L 2 



148 KING EDWAED VI 

men in his house. He admitted an evil design 
against Northumberland. He confessed to having 
talked of killing Northumberland, Pembroke, 
and Northampton, but added that he did not 
intend to do it. He confessed that he had hired 
Berteville. His own admissions were quite suffi- 
cient. They confirmed the evidence of the con- 
fessions. 

The sentence of the Lords, after acquitting 
Somerset for treason, but condemning him for 
felony, was that he should suffer death. Sir 
Michael Stanhope, Arundel, Vane, and Partridge 
received the same sentence. The execution of 
Somerset took place on January 22, 1552. He had 
given his poor brother no trial and a shorter 
shrift. 1 

1 Simon Renard, the Emperor's Ambassador in Mary's time, told 
his master that Northumberland had an interview with Somerset's 
sons before his execution, and confessed ' Avoir procure sa mort a 
tort et faulsement.' Also that Palmer admitted that ' L'accusation 
qu'il advancha et maintint contre le feu Protecteur estoit fausse, 
fabriquee par le diet due et advouee par lui, a, larequeste du diet due' 

This story is unsupported by any other evidence. It is clearly 
false, for Palmer's evidence was true in the main, because it was 
corroborated by other evidence, and by Somerset himself. It is, 
therefore, impossible that either Northumberland or Palmer can 
have said what Renard puts into their mouths. Renard knew that 
any story disgraceful to Northumberland would please the Emperor, 
and did not hesitate to retail it. Mr. Froude hesitated to adopt the 
story, which he evidently considered doubtful. 




WILLIAM PAULET, MARQUIS OF WINCHESTER. 
From an Engraving bg H. Robinson after the Painting by Holbein. 



EXECUTION OP SOMEESET 149 

It is a melancholy story. Somerset was a man 
of fair abilities, naturally disposed to moderation, 
but vacillating and easily influenced. His wife 
was a woman of strong will and violent passions. 
Owing to her power over him, though he doubtless 
loved his son, he disinherited him ; though he 
felt affection for his brother, he beheaded him ; 
though he cared for his nephew, he ill-treated him. 
Hopelessly incapable as a conspirator, he engaged 
in a plot which was sure to fail. 

The Duchess was a worse conspirator. Ee- 
leased from the Tower by Mary, she married a 
gentleman of her household, Mr. Newdigate, and 
lived to the age of ninety, dying in 1587. There 
is an enormous tomb to the memory of this 
dreadful woman in the St. Nicholas Chapel in 
Westminster Abbey. Her portrait by Antonio 
Moro was at Strawberry Hill. It is now the 
property of Lord Stanhope. 

King Edward made entries in his Journal of 
his uncle's arrest, of the evidence of the trial, and 
of the execution. He added no remark. He 
narrated these events, in a letter to his friend 
Barnaby, without remark. There is not a word 
against his uncle, but there is not a word of regret. 
His ward disliked Somerset and with good reason. 



150 KING EDWAED VI 

His belief, on clear evidence, was that his uncle 
intended to commit an atrocious crime, and that 
he had confessed. That being the case, it was 
not only natural to make no comment, but it 
was the proper course for Edward to take in 
making entries in his Journal, and in writing 
to a friend. It would have been wrong to say 
anything against his uncle, but, in the circum- 
stances, the boy showed no want of feeling in 
remaining silent. 

PEEES WHO SAT ON SOMEESET'S TEIAL. 

Paulet, Marquis of Winchester x (presided as Lord 
Steward). 

Old Nobility 

Bourchier, Earl of Bath. 
Stanley, Earl of Derby. 
Hastings, Earl of Huntingdon. 1 
Nevill, Lord Abergavenny. 
Audley, Lord Audley. 
Brooke, Lord Cobharn. 1 
Stourton, Lord Stourton. 
Zouch, Lord Zouch. 

Tudor Creations 

Manners, Earl of Eutland. 
Eatcliffe, Earl of Sussex. 
Somerset, Earl of Worcester. 
Conyers, Lord Conyers. 
Bray, Lord Bray. 

1 On the Council 



EXECUTION OF SOMEESET 151 

Cromwell, Lord Cromwell (Somerset's nephew). 

Ever, Lord Ever. 

Borough, Lord Borough. 

Vaux, Lord Vaux. 

Windsor, Lord Windsor. 

Wentworth, Lord Wentworth (Somerset's cousin). 

Wharton, Lord Wharton. 

Creations during the Minority 

Duke of Northumberland. 1 

Marquis of Northampton. 1 

Earl of Bedford. 1 

Earl of Pembroke. 1 

Lord Paget of Beaudesert. 1 

Lord Eich. 1 

Lord Willoughby of Parham. 

Lord Darcy of Chich. 1 

1 On the Council. 



152 KING EDWAED VI 



XV 

EDWARD VI AS A GEOGRAPHER 

Ignorance of geography has been the cause of 
many blunders and even disasters, especially in 
this country, and there is no branch of knowledge 
that is more necessary for an English statesman. 
Few are more neglected. Alfred the Great was our 
first geographer, and his annotated edition of 
Orosius gave to his subjects a good general know- 
ledge of the world and its inhabitants in his day. 
Alfred was the first to describe an Arctic expedi- 
tion. His descendant, Edward VI., was the first 
to despatch one. 

Young Edward received instruction in mathe- 
matics and in the sphere from Sir John Cheke, 
and he acquired a knowledge of mathematical 
geography as it was then understood. In his 
fourteenth year his tutor had a quadrant made for 
him, which was constructed and engraved for him 



EDWAED VI AS A GEOGEAPHEE 153 

in 1551. There are the initials of the designer, J.C. 
It is of brass, ten and a half inches across, with 
a square of the shadows, an arrangement for finding 
the hour, a circle with the signs of the zodiac, 
revolutiones cycli lunae et solis, and a table to find 
Easter. At the back there is a table of sines and 
cosines. 1 Edward also had an astrolabe made by 
Bastien le Senay. 

In the long gallery there were six other astro- 
nomical instruments ; and in the secret study, 
called the Chaier house, Edward had an instru- 
ment with dials of white bone, and two cases of 
instruments lined with black velvet. 

The arrival in England of Sebastian Cabot, 
the Emperor's chief Pilot, gave occasion for the 
King to acquire knowledge of the phenomena of 
compass variation. At that time there was an 
eminent Italian geographer at Edward's court, 
named Guido Gianeti da Fau. He was held in 
high esteem, and it was at his suggestion that 
Cabot was engaged to explain the variation of the 
compass to the King, and to make a map showing 
the line of no variation.' 2 

1 The quadrant of Edward VI. was purchased by Sir Augustus 
Franks, and is now in the British Museum. 

2 Luis Sanuto (Geoffraphia, Lib. I. fol. 2) is the authority for 
Sebastian Cabot having explained the variation of the compass 



154 KING EDWAED VI 

We learn the degree of proficiency attained by- 
Edward in these geographical studies, from Jerome 
Cardanus, who was in London towards the end of 
the reign. Cardanus said that Edward VI. was 
skilled in natural philosophy, music, and astronomy. 
' He learnedly opposed me as to the cause and 
course of comets.' 

Edward had the 1548 edition of Ptolemy, which 
was the latest book on the subj ect, and among his 
friends there was one who was well able to guide his 
geographical studies. This was Clement Adams, 
the schoolmaster of the henchmen or pages at 
Greenwich Palace. Adams was born at Bucking- 
ton in Warwickshire in 1519, and was educated at 
Eton and King's College, Cambridge. He received 
his appointment at Greenwich on May 3, 1552, 
but was previously known to the King. For 
Edward possessed a copy of the 1544 map of the 
world by Sebastian Cabot, and a part of it was 
re -engraved by Adams in 1549. The map engraved 
by Adams hung in the privy gallery at West- 
minster, outside Edward's study door. 1 

to Edward VI. His informant was Gianeti. See also Biddle's 
Sebastian Cabot, p. 177. 

The King granted 200/. to Sebastian Cabot, ' by way of reward, 
in March 1551 (Strype, Eccl. Mem. II. Pt. ii. p. 217). 

1 Hakluyt tells us that there was another copy of the Clement 
Adams map at the Earl of Bedford's house at Chenies, and that 
there were others in merchants' houses (Hakluyt, I. xliv.). 



EDWAED VI AS A GEOGEAPHEE 155 

Dr. Cheke had charge of the ' Collectanea ' 
of Leland, 1 so that the young King was able to 
obtain a very complete acquaintance with the 
topography of his native country. His main 
object seems to have been to store up knowledge 
for use in the work of government. At least 
one pilotage book then existed, probably more ; 
and Edward made it his business to know about 
all the roadsteads and havens, not only within his 
own realm, but also in Scotland and France, how 
the tides served, the depths of water, and what 
winds were best for bringing a ship to them. 2 He 
also studied fortification, and several notes in his 

1 Leland came from Lancashire, where he was born in 1506. 
He was at St. Paul's School and Christ's, Cambridge : was ordained, 
and librarian to Henry VIII. In 1537 he composed a Latin poem 
on the birth of Edward. In 1533 he was appointed the King's 
antiquary, and made his famous antiquarian tour from 1534 to 
1543. In 1542 he became Rector of Haseley. He died in April 1552, 
and his manuscripts, according to his agreement, became the pro- 
perty of the King, including the Itinerary and the Collectanea (after- 
wards published by Hearne). Dr. Cheke had charge of them, for 
the King's library. Cheke's son gave them to Humphrey Purefoy, 
whose son gave them to W. Burton, the historian of Leicestershire. 
Burton presented them to the Bodleian Library. 

3 There were pilots' sailing directions in those days. There was 
one manuscript on the subject, written in the fifteenth century, for 
the circumnavigation of England and the voyage to Gibraltar. It 
orginally belonged to Sir John Paston, but in Edward's time the 
possessor was Sir Gilbert Dethick. Sir Gilbert received the appoint- 
ment of Garter from Edward, who might well have had the use of 
the MS. or of a copy (Lansdowne MSS. No. 285). It was printed 
for the Hakluyt Society in 1889, with an introductory account of 
the MS. by Mr. Gairdner. 



156 KING EDWAED VI 

Journal show that he was versed in its principles 
as then in use. 

In consultation with Captain Winter, young 
Edward took a very active interest in the promo- 
tion of long sea voyages, and the encouragement 
of trade with distant countries. His enthusiasm 
spread to those around him, and we find at least 
two of the Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber, Sir 
Henry Sydney and Sir Thomas Wroth, entering 
into the plans of their master. 

There was already a trade between England 
and the Levant, the voyages being to Candia and 
Chios. In November 1550 we find the barque 
Auclier fitting out for the voyage, her owner 
visiting her at Dover ; l and in 1553 the Matthew 
Gonson sailed on the same voyage. Edward lent 
two of his own ships for the Levant trade, which 
created an excellent nursery for seamen, Richard 
Chancellor, the future Arctic voyager, and Matthew 
Baker, afterwards chief shipwright, having served 
on board the Aucher. 

The Levant trade led to enterprises outside 
the Mediterranean. The first voyage to Morocco 

1 Sir Anthony Auclier of Hantsborne, in Kent, was a contractor 
and ' the King's Victualler.' Later in the reign Sir Anthony was 
Marshal of Calais. 



EDWAED VI AS A GEOGEAPHEE 157 

was that conducted by Captain Thomas Windham 
in 1551. In the second Barbary voyage the King 
took a very special interest, his great friend Sir 
Thomas Wroth being one of the principal adven- 
turers. The expedition, consisting of the Lion of 
London (150 tons), commanded by Captain Wind- 
ham, and the Buttolfe (eighty tons), sailed from 
Bristol in May, and returned in October 1552. 

The Barbary voyages were successful, and they 
led to the more adventurous Guinea voyages, 
which were designed in the last year of Edward's 
reign. He lent one of his own ships, the Primrose, 
and the first Guinea voyage was despatched a year 
after the young King's death. It was thus Edward 
and his friends who gave the first impulses to those 
distant voyages which led to the establishment 
of English commerce and to the despatch of 
voyages of discovery. 

King Edward also wanted to know about 
distant inland countries. Master Thomas made a 
translation for him of the travels of Josafa Bar- 
baro, 1 who described Eastern Europe and Cairo, 
the journey to Tabriz, the state of Persia just 

1 The Italian version was published at Venice in 1543. The 
translation was reprinted for the Hakluyt Society in 1873. The 
late Lord Strangford formed a high opinion of Thomas's translation. 
He said that it showed much better orthography than that which 
prevailed even at a later period. 



158 KING EDWARD VI 

before the accession of the Sufavi dynasty, and 
the trade of the Caspian, Central Asia, and Cathay. 
Thus Edward was enlightened respecting the 
Far East. He took a warm and personal interest 
in the science of navigation and in the maritime 
prosperity of his country. He had received instruc- 
tion from Master Thomas respecting the travels 
of Barbaro, and from Master Clement Adams 
respecting the map of the world which showed 
the position of Cathay. This would have led to 
the question of a route, and soon we find the King 
and his friend Henry Sydney discussing the possi- 
bility of a voyage to Cathay by the north-east. 

The great geographical event of Edward's reign 
was the despatch of an Arctic expedition. Under 
the auspices of the King and Sydney, the Com- 
pany of Merchant Adventurers was induced to 
undertake this voyage to Cathay by the north- 
east. The whole subject was considered by the 
merchants with the greatest care, in communi- 
cation with Sydney ; the route, the management 
and discipline, the ships, the stores and equip- 
ment, and the merchandise to be taken, were 
discussed. 

The most important matter of all was the 
selection of a good commander. The Merchant 



EDWAED VI AS A GEOGEAPHEE 159 

Adventurers chose Sir Hugh Willoughby, because 
he was a friend of Sydney, a goodly personage, of 
tall stature, and of singular skill in the service of 
war, a Willoughby of the Woolaton family. He 
was to be Captain General, in the Bona Esperanza, 
of 120 tons. The second ship of 160 tons was named 
after the King, the Edward Bonaventure. Eichard 
Chancellor, who had been in Sydney's service, 
was selected, from many applicants, on his old 
master's recommendation, to command the second 
ship. Sydney made a speech to the Merchant 
Adventurers, commending the enterprise, which, 
he said, would be profitable and honourable to our 
country. The preparations were completed, and 
King Edward addressed letters missive, in several 
languages, to the potentates inhabiting the north- 
east parts of the world toward the mighty empire 
of Cathay, commending the right valiant and 
worthy Sir Hugh Willoughby to their good offices. 
The letters were dated May 10, 1553, the same 
day on which the ships sailed. Passing Greenwich 
there was a great crowd on the shore, and the 
courtiers stood at the windows of the palace. The 
poor young King was very ill, but fortunately this 
early part of May l was when he seemed better, 

1 On May 6 Dudley reported that the King was much better. 



160 KING EDWAED VI 

and when, for a short time, there were hopes of 
his recovery. 

The departure of the expedition was the 
crowning act of Edward's geographical work. He 
had studied this mother of the sciences most 
diligently for the use he hoped that his knowledge 
would be to his people. He fostered commerce, 
and lent his own ships to encourage the Levant 
trade. He despatched the first Arctic expedition. 
He enriched his country by opening the first trade 
route to Russia. The history of the voyage was 
recorded by Edward's geographical adviser and 
faithful servant, Clement Adams. 1 

There is a reason for giving lists of the Arctic 
crews. It is to show that Arctic expeditions train 
valuable men, and that the good done by King 
Edward did not end with the single voyage to 
Russia. It will be seen that of the fifty men in 
the Edward Bonaventure as many as nine distin- 
guished themselves afterwards. 

1 Adams wrote the narrative in Latin, as he received it from 
Richard Chancellor, as Eden tells us: 'Nova Anglorum ad 
Muscovitos navigatio Hugone Willowbeio equite classis prsefecto, 
et Richardo Cancelero navarcho. Auctore Clemente Adams, 
Anglo.' First printed in Hakluyt in 1589, with an English trans- 
lation. 

Clement Adams died on January 9, 1589, and was buried at 
St. Alphege' Church in Greenwich. 



EDWARD VI AS A GEOGRAPHER 



161 



KING EDWARD'S ABCTIC EXPEDITION. 
Crew of the Bona Esperanza (120 tons). 



Captain-General : 

1. Sir Hugh Willoughby, Kt. 

Master : 

2. William Gefferson. 

Master's Mate : 

3. Roger Wilson. 

Master Gunner : 

4. John Brook. 

Surgeons : 

5. Richard Molton (joined at 

Harwich). 

6. Alexander Gardiner. 

Merchants : 

7. William Gittons. 

8. Charles Barret. 

9. Gabriel Willoughby. 

10. John Andrews. 

11. Alexander Woodford. 

12. Ralph Chatterton. 

Boatswain : 

13. John Webb (entered as Boat- 

swain's Mate, but Boatswain 
invalided). 

Purser : 

14. Robert Gwinne. 



Purser's Mate and Cooper : 

15. Lawrence Edwards. 

Quartermasters : 

16. Christopher Banbruck. 

17. Thomas Davison. 

18. Robert Ross. 

19. Thomas Simpson. 

Quartermaster's Mates : 

20. William White. 

21. James Smith. 

22. Thomas Painter. 

23. John Smith. 

Carpenters : 

24. Richard Gwinne. 

25. George Goiswine. 
Cook: 

26. Richard Morgan. 
Men and Boys : 

27. William Light. 

28. John Brand. 

29. Cuthbert Chelsie. 

30. George Blage. 

31. Thomas Walker. 

32. Thomas Allen. 

33. Edward Smith. 

34. Edward Hunt. 

35. John Fawkner. 

36. Rowland Brook. 



Boatswain Nicholas Anthony invalided at Harwich. 

Seaman George Blake invalided at Harwich. 

Cook's Mate T. Nash ducked at the yard-arm and discharged for 
stealing. 

Note. — Two Willoughbys, two Brooks, two Gwinnes, three Smiths. 
36 all told. 



M 



162 



KING EDWAED VI 



Crew of the Edward Bonaventure (160 tons). 



Captain and Pilot Major : 

1. Kichard Chancellor. 
Master : 

2. Stephen Burrough. He after- 

wards commanded the ex- 
pedition to the Waigat, 1556. 
He was Chief Pilot in the 
Medway. Died 1584. 

Master's Mate : 

3. John Buckland. Master of 

the Primrose (240 tons) 
in the Kussian trade. He 
brought home the body of 
Sir H. Willoughby, his 
effects, and the ships, 1557. 

Chaplain : 

4. Bev. Bichard Stafford. 
Merchants : 

5. George Burton. 

6. Arthur Edwards. Commer- 

cial Agent at Vologda, 1555. 

7. Nicholas Newborough. 

8. John Segswike. Commercial 

Agent in Bussia. Buying 
hemp at Novgorod in 1557. 

9. James Dallaber. 

10. John Hasse. Wrote a re- 

port on Bussian coins, 
weights, and measures in 
1554. 

11. Bichard Johnson. With 

S. Burrough in 1556. Wrote 
notes on the voyage of the 
Searchthrift. 

12. Thomas Francis. 

13. William Kempe. 

Surgeon : 

14. Thomas Walter. 



Master Gunner : 

15. Bobert Stanton. 

Gunner's Mate : 

16. John Walker. 
Gunners : 

17. James Long. 

18. John Cocks. 

Boatswain : 

19. Peter Palmer. 
Boatswain's Mate : 

20. Bichard Strowde. 
Quartermasters : 

21. John Bobinson. 

22. John Carowe. 

23. Thomas Stow. 

24. Boger Lishby. 

Steward : 

25. John Austin. 
Steward's Mate : 

26. Patrick Stevens. 
Cook: 

27. Austen Jacks. 
Cooper : 

28. William Every. 
Carpenter : 

29. Griffin Wagham. 
Men and Boys : 

30. Thomas Stelston. 

31. Thomas Townes. 

32. John Bobinson. 

33. John White. 

34. Miles Butler. 

35. John Brown. 

36. William Morren. 

37. William Watson. 



EDWAKD VI AS A GEOGKAPHER 



163 



38. Thomas Handcocks. 

39. Edward Pacey. 

40. Thomas Browne. 

41. George Philbarie. 

42. Edward Patterson. 

43. William Beare. 

44. Arthur Pet. In 1560 Pet 
was Master of the Jesus, 
of London. In 1580 he 
commanded the George in 
the Waigat Expedition. A 
good seaman and intrepid 
explorer. 

Nine distinguished afterwards. 



Note. 

Crew of the 
Master : 

1. Cornelius Durfoorth. 
Master's Mate : 

2. Eichard Ingram. 
Merchants : 

3. Thomas Langley. 

4. Edward Kever. 

5. Henry Dorset. 

Master Gunner : 

6. Henry Taylor. 
Gunner's Mate : 

7. George Thursland. 
Boatswain : 

8. William Humaine. 
Boatswain's Mate : 

9. John Edwards. 
Steward : 

10. John Beyne. 
Quartermasters : 

11. Thomas Kirby. 

Note. — Two 



45. John Potter. 

46. Nicholas Lawrence. 

47. Eoger Welford. 

48. John Williams. 

49. William Laurence. 

50. William Burrough. After- 
wards a distinguished naval 
officer. He was with his 
brother Stephen in the 
Searchthrift expedition of 
1556. Controller of the 
Navy. Wrote on magnetism. 
Born 1536. Died 1599. 

Two Burroughs. 50 all told. 



Bona Confidentia (90 tons). 

12. Henry Dickenson. 

13. John Haye. 

14. William Shepwash. 

Cook: 

15. Thomas Haute. 

Cook's Mate : 

16. William Lassie. 

Carpenter : 

17. Nicholas Knight. 

Men and Boys : 

18. Peter Lewicke. 

19. Nicholas Wiggleworth. 

20. John Moore. 

21. William Chapman. 

22. Brian Chester. 

23. William Barry. 

24. Eichard Wood. 

25. Clement Gibson. 

26. John Clarocke. 

27. Erasmus Bentley. 

28. John Durfoorth. 



Durfoorths. 28 all told. 



H 2 



164 



KING EDWAED VI 



Bona Esperanza 
Edward Bonaventure 
Bona Confidentia 



Resume. 
Souls 
. 36 + 3 discharged at Harwich. 
. 50 

. 28 

lli 

64 lost with Willoughby. 
50 ,, Chancellor. 



INDEX TO THE HEROES OF KING EDWARD'S ARCTIC 
EXPEDITION. 

B. E. = Bona Esperanza. E. B. = Edward Bonaventure. 
C. = Bona Confidentia. 



Allen, T. B. E. 

Andrews, J., Merchant. B. E. 

Anthony, Nic, Boatswain, in- 
valided. B. E. 

Austen, J., Steward. E. B. 

Banbruch, Chr., Quartermaster. 
B. E. 

Barret, C, Merchant. B. E. 

Barry, Wm. C. 

Beare, Wm. E. B. 

Bentley, E. C. 

Blage, G., invalided. B. E. 

Blake, G. (?). B. E. 

Brand, J. B. E. 

Brook, J., Master Gunner. B. E. 

Brook, R. B. E. 

Brown, J. E. B. 

Browne, T. E. B. 

Buckland, J., Master's Mate. E. B. 

Burrough, J., Boy. E. B. 

Burrough, S., Master. E. B. 

Burton, G., Merchant. E. B. 

Butler, M. E. B. 

Carowe, J., Quartermaster. E. B. 

Chancellor, R., Captain, &c. E. B. 

Chapman, W. C. 



Chatterton, R., Merchant. B. E. 

Chelsie, C. B. E. 

Chester, B. C. 

Clarocke, J. C. 

Cocks, J., Gunner. E. B. 

Dallaber, J. B. E. 

Davison, T., Quartermaster. B. E. 

Dickenson, J., Quartermaster. C. 

Dorset, H., Merchant. C. 

Durfoorth, C, Master. C. 

Durfoorth, J., Boy. C. 

Edward, A., Merchant. E. B. 

Every, W., Cooper. E. B. 

Fawkner, J. B. E. 

Francis, J. E. B. 

Gardiner, A., Surgeon. B. E. 

Gefferson, W., Master. B. E. 

Gibson, C. C. 

Gittons, W., Merchant. B. E. 

Goiswine, G., Carpenter. B. E. 

Gwinne, Rd., Carpenter. B. E. 

Gwinne, Rt., Purser. B. E. 

Handcocks, T. E. B. 

Hasse, J., Merchant. E. B. 

Haute, T., Cook. C. 

Haye, J., Quartermaster. C. 



EDWAED VI AS A GEOGEAPHEE 



165 



Humaine, W., Boatswain. C. 

Hunt, E. B. E. 

Ingram, R., Master's Mate. C. 

Jacks, A., Cook. E. B. 

Johnson, R., Merchant. E. B. 

Kempe, W. E. B. 

Kever, E., Merchant. C. 

Kirby, T., Quartermaster. C. 

Knight, N., Carpenter. C. 

Langley, T., Merchant. C. 

Lassie, W., Cook's Mate. C. 

Laurence, W. E. B. 

Lawrence, N. E. B. 

Lewick, P. C. 

Light, W. B. E. 

Lisby, R., Quartermaster. E. B. 

Long, J., Gunner. E. B. 

Molton, R., Surgeon. B. E. 

Moore, J. C. 

Morgan, R., Cook. B. E. 

Morren, W. E. B. 

Nash, T., discharged. 

Newborough, N., Merchant. E. B. 

Nicholas, L. E. B. 

Pacey, E. E. B. 

Painter, T., Quartermaster. B. E. 

Palmer, P., Boatswain. E. B. 

Patterson, E. E. B. 

Pet, A. E. B. 

Philbarie, G. E. B. 

Potter, J. E. B. 

Reyne, J., Steward. C. 

Robinson, J., Quartermaster. E. B. 

Robinson, J. E. B. 

Ross, R., Quartermaster. B. E. 



Segswike, J. E. B. 

Shepwash, W., Quartermaster. C. 

Simpson, T., Quartermaster. B. E. 

Smith, E. B. E. 

Smith, James, Quartermaster's 

Mate. B. E. 
Smith, John, Quartermaster's 

Mate. B.E. 
Stafford, R., Chaplain. E. B. 
Stanton, R., Master Gunner. E. B. 
Stelston, T. E. B. 
Stevens, P., Steward's Mate. E. B. 
Stone, T., Quartermaster. E. B. 
Strowde, R., Boatswain's Mate. 

E. B. 
Taylor, H., Master Gunner. C. 
Thurland, G., Gunner's Mate. C. 
Townes, T. E. B. 
Wagham, G., Carpenter. E. B. 
Walker, J., Gunner's Mate. E. B. 
Walker, T. B. E. 
Walter, T., Surgeon. E. B. 
Watson, W. E. B. 
Webb, J., Boatswain. B. E. 
Welford, R. E. B. 
White, J. E. B. 
White, W., Quartermaster's Mate. 

B.E. 
Wiggleworth, N. C. 
Williams, J. E. B. 
Willoughby, G., Merchant. B. E. 
Willoughby, Sir Hugh. B. E. 
Wilson, R., Master's Mate. B. E. 
Wood, R. C. 
Woodford, A., Merchant. B. E. 



166 KING EDWARD VI 



XVI 

KING EDWARD AS CAPTAIN OF GAMES 

Edward, with all his learning, his eager search 
after knowledge that would be useful to his people, 
and his serious thoughts, was a boy, and was as 
fond of fun and of games as any other boy. 

His heart yearned for the affection of near 
relations, but as regards female relatives he was 
indeed an orphan. His good stepmother was 
dead. His elder sister and godmother, a gloomy 
Spanish fanatic, could not supply her place, yet 
the warm-hearted boy felt affection for Mary. 
On March 18, 1550, she came to see him, riding 
through the town with a great cavalcade, all 
having rosaries round their necks. Brother and 
sister went to the Council together, but Mary 
defied them, declaring they had not any right to 
interfere until the King was of age, and refusing 
to desist from having Mass in her house. She 
thought they would not dare to proceed to 



KING EDWARD AS CAPTAIN OF GAMES 167 

extremities. Edward and Mary dined together, 
and the King presented his sister with the Manor 
of Hunsdon. Having defied the Council, she rode 
back to her Essex home. She paid him one more 
visit at Greenwich, on June 11, 1552, after his 
illness. 1 After his accession Edward only saw 
his ' sweet sister Temperance ' on occasions of 
formal visits. On March 17, 1551, Elizabeth 
came to St. James's with a great company of 
knights and ladies. On the 19th she came through 
the park to the Court, and was received with much 
ceremony. 2 But the brother and sister corre- 
sponded, and Edward was in the secret of Sir 
William Pickering having delivered a token, con- 
sisting of a fair diamond, to the Princess Elizabeth. 
His cousins, Frances Duchess of Suffolk and 
Eleanor Countess of Cumberland, came to Court 
on State occasions, but they were too old to be 
companions. Lady Jane Grey first appeared at 
Court during the reception of the Dowager of 
Scotland. Edward and Jane became intimate. 
They were exactly the same age, with the same 
tastes. It would have been a most happy union. 

1 Mary, born at Greenwich, February 8, 1516, was then aged 
thirty-five. 

2 Elizabeth, born September 7, 1533, was then aged seventeen. 



1G8 KING EDWAED VI 

Edward had to seek for his most intimate 
friendships among the gentlemen of his household. 
There were ten gentlemen of the Privy Chamber, 
and it was ordered that two should sleep in the 
ante-room, and a page in the bed-chamber. All 
these gentlemen were ten to fifteen years older 
than Edward, except Barnaby. Six certainly 
were faithful and devoted servants and friends. 
These were Sir John Cheke, Sir Henry Sydney, 
Nicholas Throgmorton, Sir Thomas Wroth, Sir 
Henry Nevill, and Barnaby. 

Sir John Cheke had been known to the King 
since his early childhood, and had been his tutor 
for eight years. He was a friend on whom Edward 
could implicitly rely. In May 1550 Cheke was 
taken very ill, and his life was in danger. Several 
letters were written by Cheke from his bed of 
sickness to his beloved pupil, containing admoni- 
tions and advice. In one he recommended Aristotle, 
' to whom I beseech you often to resort, especially 
two chapters in his Politics, " de mutatione regni " 
and " per quae regna servantur." For your 
divinity continue diligently reading Sapientia, 
Ecclesiasticus, and the New Testament.' The 
King sent his tutor many messages, and inter- 
ested himself in Cheke's earnest request that 



KING EDWAED AS CAPTAIN OF GAMES 169 

Dr. Day, the deprived Bishop of Chichester, might 
be liberated from prison and given subsistence. 
Dr. Day afterwards showed his gratitude. 

At last the doctors reported to the King that 
there was no hope, and that his tutor must die. 
' No,' said Edward, ' Cheke will not die this time ; 
for this morning I begged his life in my prayers 
and obtained it.' l Cheke did recover and re- 
mained Edward's faithful and beloved friend and 
servant to the end. 

Henry Sydney was the son of Sir William 
Sydney by Anne, daughter of Sir Hugh Pagenham. 
The father was at the battle of Flodden and had 
seen much service. He died in 1553, and Sir 
Henry received the grant of Penshurst, which had 
been held by his father. Edward VI. and Sydney 
were close friends, with many ideas and pursuits 
in common. Sydney married Lady Mary Dudley, 
daughter of the Duke of Northumberland, and 
was the father of Sir Philip Sydney and of the 
Countess of Pembroke. 

Sir Thomas Wroth was son of Robert Wroth of 
Durance in Enfield by Jane Hawte, and great- 

1 This speech of Edward VI. was attested as having been made, 
by the Earl of Huntingdon who heard it. Huntingdon was then a 
boy. When aged eighty-four he told it, in 1624, to Sir Thomas 
Cheke of Pyrgo, who told it to Fuller. 



170 KING EDWAED VI 

great-grandson of John Wroth, Lord Mayor of 
London in 1361. Edward liked to exercise and 
play with Sir Thomas, whom he had knighted 
at the coronation, although there was a great 
difference of age between them. Once Wroth 
won ten yards of black velvet from the King ; and 
he was a great favourite, receiving the keeperships 
of Sion and Enfield Park, and several manors. 1 

Nicholas Throgmorton was beloved by Edward 
because he had been the intimate and faithful 
friend of his uncle Thomas, the ill-fated Lord 
Sudeley. He was himself a wholly reliable servant 
and friend, and a man of considerable ability. 
He managed the confidential and secret com- 
munications between the King and Mr. Thomas, 
the Clerk of the Council. 

Of Henry Nevill we do not hear much, except 
that he was faithful, and Barnaby Fitzpatrick was 
more like a devoted and beloved brother than an 
ordinary friend. 

The other four gentlemen of the Privy Chamber 
were not so intimate with the King. Sir Philip 
Hoby was an old diplomatist and an intriguer. 

1 Sir Thomas Wroth's grandson, Sir Robert Wroth, married 
Sir Henry Sydney's granddaughter Mary, daughter of Robert 
Sydney Earl of Leicester. 



KING EDWAED AS CAPTAIN OP GAMES 171 

Lord Strange and William Stanley came of a 
treacherous race, and the former confessed to 
having been employed by Somerset as a spy. 
Robert Dudley was chief carver. John Dudley 
Earl of Warwick was Master of the Horse. The 
office of Chamberlain was performed by Lord 
Darcy of Chich. 

The King's more intimate friends arranged his 
movements, his hunting at Oatlands, and his 
games at Greenwich. At Westminster the time 
was much occupied in studies, business, and recep- 
tions, but on Christmas Eve the Court generally 
got away to Greenwich, where there was plenty of 
fun. 

Edward VI. was the captain of games and 
sports. He tells us that in 1549 he organised 
what he called a ' triumph.' Six gentlemen were 
to challenge all comers at barriers, jousts, and 
tourneys, and also to keep a fortress with a garrison 
of forty men against not more than a hundred 
assailants. The event came off at Greenwich. 

On June 3, 1550, on the occasion of the marriage 
between John Dudley Earl of Warwick and Lady 
Anne Seymour at Sheen, the King arranged some 
events. After the dinner was finished and the 
dancing over, Edward and the ladies went into 



172 KING EDWAED VI 

some ante-chambers made of boughs, whence they 
saw six gentlemen on each side run the course of 
the field twice over. Then three of one side and 
two of another ran four courses apiece. Last came 
the Count of Regunete, with three Italians, who 
ran four courses with all the gentlemen, and 
afterwards fought at tourney. Next day, when 
Robert Dudley was married to Amy Robsart, the 
King had some more fun. Certain gentlemen 
strove who should first take away a goose's head 
which was hung on cross poles. There was also 
tilt and tourney on foot, and a great number of 
gentlemen ran at the ring. 

On June 19, 1550, Edward records a grand 
entertainment given at Deptford in his honour, 
by the Admiral, Lord Clinton. Before supper men 
stood in the bows of boats, without holding any- 
thing, and ran at each other until one fell into the 
water. After supper there was a fort built on a 
lighter in the Thames, with three walls and a 
watch-tower. That grand old seaman, Captain 
Winter, acted as leader with a garrison of thirty 
or forty soldiers in yellow and black. To the 
fort also belonged a galley painted yellow, with 
men and ammunition in it. Presently there 
came four pinnaces with their crews handsomely 



KING EDWARD AS CAPTAIN OF GAMES 173 

dressed in white, intending to assault the castle 
with clods, squibs, canes of fire darts, and bombards. 
In the assault they carried the outer wall of the 
castle, driving the garrison into the second ward. 
There the besieged men rallied, sallying forth and 
driving away the pinnaces. One was sunk, all 
the crew jumping out and swimming in the river. 
Then came Lord Clinton with three other pinnaces, 
who won the castle by assault, beat the top of it 
down, and captured the yellow galley. Edward 
gave warm thanks to the Admiral for all this fun, 
and returned to Greenwich. 

On March 31, 1551, the King got up some 
sports in which he was himself to take part. There 
were to be three events. Edward, with sixteen 
servants of his chamber, was to run at base, shoot, 
and run at the ring with any seventeen others of 
the Court. The first day of the challenge came off 
on April 1. It was prisoner's base or running. 
To his great delight the King won. The second 
event came off on April 6. It was ' shooting at 
rounds ' and rovers.' The former was shooting 
at a target. ' Rovers ' was when the mark was a 
tree or gate, and the distance was greater, the 
arrows being shot at considerable elevation. The 
winner had the right of naming the next object. 



174 KING EDWAED VI 

The name was from ' roving ' from one object to 
another. The King lost the challenge at shooting 
at rounds, but he won at ' rovers,' which was a 
much more difficult game. 

The challenge at running at the ring, the third 
event, came off on May 3. King Edward came on 
the ground with sixteen foot and ten horsemen, 
dressed in black with coats pulled out with white 
taffety. Then came the lords, each having three 
men in the same dress, and the gentlemen with their 
footmen in white fustian pulled out with black 
taffety. The opponents all came in yellow taffety. 
The King's party touched often, which was counted 
as nothing, and at length the yellows took the 
ring thrice in 120 courses. Edward's side lost, 
which seemed very strange to him, for his people 
had touched so often. After the running at the 
ring, the King got up a tourney, six of his side 
against six of theirs. 

On May 14 King Edward held a review of his 
guard. There mustered before him a hundred 
archers, all of the guard, with two arrows apiece. 
They then shot together at an inch board. Some 
pierced quite through and stuck in the other 
board, several pierced it with the heads of their 
arrows, the board being very well seasoned timber. 



KING EDWARD AS CAPTAIN OF GAMES 175 

It was ordered that the King should always have 
in his guard a hundred archers and a hundred 
halberdiers, either good wrestlers or casters of 
the bar, or leapers, or tall men of personage. He 
would thus always have plenty of good men 
for his games. 

On July 4 Lord Clinton invited the King to a 
banquet at Deptford, to see two of his new ships 
launched, the Primrose and the Mary Willoughby. 

The King got two of his gentlemen, Sir Henry 
Sydney and Sir Henry Nevill, with Sir Henry 
Gates, to challenge all comers. The event came 
off on January 3, 1552. There were as many as 
eighteen defendants. 

Lord Williams Sir Anthony Browne 

Lord Fitzwalter Mr. Norris 

Lord Bray Mr. Digby 

Lord Fitzwarine Mr. Knollys 

Lord Ambrose Dudley Mr. Paston 

Lord Robert Dudley Mr. Cary 

Sir George Howard Mr. Drury 

Sir William Stafford Mr. Courtenay 

Sir John Parrat Mr. Warcup 

These ran six courses apiece at tilt against the 
challengers, and accomplished their courses right 



176 KING EDWAED VI 

well. The challengers entered the tourney, fol- 
lowed by the defendants with two more added, 
Mr. Tyrell and Mr. Kobert Hopton. Both sides 
distinguished themselves, the King being umpire, 
and so the challenge was accomplished. In the 
same night there was first a play, and afterwards 
a dispute between one that was called Riches, 
and another that was called Youth, as to which 
was the best. After some pretty reasoning, six 
champions were chosen on either side : 

On the side of Youth On the side of Riches 

Lord Fitzwalter Lord Fitzwarine 

Lord Ambrose Dudley Sir Robert Stafford 

Sir Anthony Browne Mr. Courtenay 

Sir William Gobham Mr. Digby 

Mr. Cary Mr. Hopton 

Mr. Warcup Mr. Hungerford 

All these fought, two to two, at barriers in the hall. 
Then there came in two apparelled like Almains 
(the Earl of Ormonde and Jacques Granado), 
and two came in like friars (Mr. Drury and Thomas 
Cobham) ; but the Almains would not suffer the 
friars to pass until they had fought. After this 
followed two masques, one of men, the other of 
women. Then there was a banquet of 120 dishes. 



KING EDWAED AS CAPTAIN OF GAMES 177 

This day was the end of Christmas, and an un- 
commonly jolly Christmas the young King had 
made of it. 

On January 7, 1552, Edward was again enter- 
tained at Deptford by Lord Clinton, and on the 
17th he got up a match between six gentlemen 
of a side at tilt. 

John Dudley Earl of Lord Ambrose Dudley 

Warwick Lord Fitzwalter 

Lord Robert Dudley Sir Francis Knollys 

Sir Henry Sydney Sir Anthony Browne 

Sir Henry Nevill Sir John Parrat 

Sir Henry Gates Mr. Courtenay 
Anthony Digby 

John Dudley's side won by four taintes. These 
are the events recorded by King Edward ; of 
course there were many unrecorded ; and there 
never was a better or more genial Captain of Games 
than Edward VI. 



N 



178 KING EDWAED VI 



XVII 

THE PROGRESS 

Barnaby had been the King's constant com- 
panion from his childhood, and their affection for 
each other had never been shaken. It was with 
great reluctance that Edward made up his mind 
to part with his friend for a short time. The plan 
was that Barnaby should go to Paris, make himself 
master of French, and see something of the world, 
perhaps some operations of war. He was to go to 
Paris with Lord Clinton's mission, but to be under 
the special charge of Sir William Pickering, the 
resident Ambassador. Barnaby was then seven- 
teen. The King's instructions were that he was 
to be presented to the King of France by Lord 
Clinton, and when not at Court he was to reside 
with Pickering. He was to have four servants. 
Edward told him to send news, learn French, and 
avoid ladies. Yet if the King of France desired 
him to dance, he was to do so. His apparel 



THE PEOGEESS 179 

was to be comely, and his chief pastimes were 
to be tennis, hunting, and riding. If there was 
war he was to go to it to learn the art. When he 
wanted money he was always to advertise the King, 
and he would send it. In order to give him a 
better position at the French Court, he was created 
Baron of Upper Ossory. The King mentions 
Bartholomew Campaigne as his financial agent. 
Edward was anxious that his friend should gain 
experience by accompanying Henry II. in his 
first campaign against Charles V., which he did 
from April to October 1552. 

The affection between these two lads is very 
touching. The King's letters are full of arrange- 
ments to supply Barnaby with money for his 
necessities and to buy mules. He would have 
sent his own mules from England, but he did not 
think they were good enough. The King was 
also busy in securing Barnaby's rights to his lands 
and inheritances in Ireland. 

In April 1552 Edward had an attack of measles 
and smallpox, but he quite recovered, as he told 
his friend in a letter dated May 3. Great prepara- 
tions were then made for a progress on an im- 
portant scale. Edward was to be accompanied by 
the Lord Treasurer, the officers of his household, 

N 2 



180 KING EDWAED VI 

four Kings of Arms, including Ulster, an office 
recently created by Edward, and two Heralds — 
altogether 120 mounted men, a brilliant cavalcade. 
The Duke of Northumberland was absent, attend- 
ing to affairs in the northern marches. 

On June 27, 1552, the King went by water 
to Putney, whence he rode to Hampton Court, 
and thence to Oatlands, his favourite country 
seat, where he remained a week. On July 15 he 
was at Guildford, and on the 20th he reached 
Petworth. This was the seat of Percy Earl of 
Northumberland, then under attainder. It was in 
the hands of the crown, and the Earl of Arundel 
had the shooting. From Petworth, after a rest of 
five days, Edward rode on to Cowdray, the seat 
of his old friend Sir Anthony Browne. It was a 
fine house built by Fitzwilliam Earl of South- 
ampton. On the off days the King had a good 
deal of hunting, and he complained to Barnaby 
that there was a little too much banqueting at 
Cowdray. His next halting place was Halnaker, 
and on July 30 he came to a house called Warbling- 
ton, belonging to Sir Eichard Cotton, the Con- 
troller of the Household. August 4 found him at 
Waltham, a house which the Lord Treasurer had 
recently ' obtained ' from the See of Winchester. 



THE PROGRESS 181 

On August 8 King Edward rode into Ports- 
mouth, and here, for two days, he was in his 
element, devising improvements in the fortifica- 
tions with Master Chaderton, the Master Gunner. 
There were to be new forts on each side of the 
entrance to the harbour, and alterations at the 
south angle of the enceinte. Edward discussed 
all the details. 

From Portsmouth the King went to Titchfield, 
the seat of the Earl of Southampton. King 
Edward met with a loyal reception from the town 
of Southampton, and went thence to Beaulieu, 
also Wriothesley property, and once a famous 
abbey of white monks. August 18 brought him 
to Christchurch, near the New Forest, where there 
was rest for a few days. 

From Christchurch Edward wrote a charming 
letter to Barnaby. ' Whereas you have been 
occupied in killing your enemies, in long marches, 
in painful journeys, in extreme heat, in sore 
skirmishings, and divers assaults, we have been 
occupied in killing of wild beasts, in pleasant 
journeys, in good fare, and in viewing of fair 
countries.' At Christchurch the King received 
three letters from his friend. On August 23 he 
went on to Woodlands in Dorsetshire. On the 



182 KING EDWARD VI 

24th he had a most loyal reception at Salisbury, 
and on the 28th came to Wilton, the seat of the 
wealthy Earl of Pembroke. His next resting 
place was Mottisfont, the seat of Lord Sandys 
of the Vine, once a priory of Austin Friars. On 
September 5 he came to Winchester, where another 
cordial reception awaited him. 

From Winchester King Edward went to the 
splendid seat of the Lord Treasurer at Basing, 
where he rested for three days, and then went to 
Newbury and Reading, reaching Windsor on the 
15th. He began to pine for his dear friend, 
Barnaby, who had been absent nearly a year. He 
wrote to him, from Windsor, telling him to come 
back, and again from Hampton Court. 

The progress was a great success, and all the 
people were in love with their gracious young 
King. He was the best and most popular Sovereign 
that England had seen for many a long day. But 
alas ! the end was approaching. On November 14 
Edward again wrote to his friend, saying ' I look 
for you shortly.' On the 22nd he made the last 
enfcry in his Journal. 

Barnaby was hurrying back from the seat of 
war. On December 9 he took his final leave of 
the French Court at Compiegne, with honourable 



THE PEOGEESS 



183 



testimonials from Henry II. A few days after- 
wards the two friends were united, never again to 
be parted but by death. 

LETTEKS FEOM THE KING TO BAENABY 



Date 



I. 1548. May 9 . 

II. 1561. Dec. 3 . 

III. 1551. Dec. 20 

IV. 1552. Jan. 25 

V. 1552. Feb. 25 

VI. 1552. May 3 . 

VII. 1552. Aug. 22 

VIII. 1552. Sept. 24 

IX. 1552. Oct. 7 . 

X. 1552. Nov. 14 



Westminster 
Westminster 

Westminster 

Westminster 
Greenwich . 
Ohristchurch 

Windsor 

Hampton Court . 
Westminster 



Subject 



Where to be found 



A few lines in Latin 
'amantissimo Bar- 
nabas ' 



About Somerset's 
trial. Advice and 
instructions 

News about games, 
tilts, barriers. Next 
letter will be in 
French 

Sending money 



Well after measles. 
Earnaby to go to 
the French camp 

Account of the pro- 
gress 



Barnaby to come 
back. A whole year 
absent 

Receipt of letter 
from Rheims 

Looking for Bar- 
naby shortly. Ad- 
dress: ' To our well- 
beloved servant, 
Barnaby Fitzpa- 
trick, one of the 
Gentlemen of our 
Chamber ' 



Sir Wm. Cecil to Barnaby. 



1551. Dec. 22 



Commendation. 
Bred up in learn- 
ing and manners 
with the King 



Original. Lord Cas- 
tletown. Printed 
by Nichols. Copied 
for Horace Wal- 
pole. Printed by 
him and Lord 0. 

Original. Lord Cas- 
tletown. Printed 
by Walpole and 
first Lord 0. 

Fuller's ' Church 
History.' 

Original. Lord Cas- 
tletown. Printed 
also in Fuller's 
' Worthies ' (Mid- 
dlesex). 

Original. Lord Cas- 
tletown. Printed 
also by Nichols. 

Fuller's ' Worthies ' 
(Middlesex). 

Original. Lord Cas- 
tletown. Printed 
also in Fuller's 
' Church History.' 

Original. Lord Cas- 
tletown. Printed 
also by Nichols. 

Fuller's ' Worthies ' 
(Middlesex). 

Original. Lord Cas- 
tletown. Printed 
also by Nichols. 
This letter was 
mutilated by Lady 
Holland. She cut 
off the signature 
and address with 
consent of Anne 
and Gertrude 

Fitzpatrick. 



Fuller's ' Worthies.' 



184 



KING EDWAED VI 

LETTERS FKOM BARNABY 



Date 


Place 


Subject 


Where to be found 


1551. 


Dec. 8 . 








1551. 


Dec. 28 


Paris . 


Reply to King of 
Dec. 20. Will fol- 
low instructions. 
Amusing story 
about an image 


Fuller's ' Worthies.' 


1552. 


Jan. 12 


— 


— 






Jan. 19 


— 




\ 




Apr. 2 . 


Nancy 


Acknowledged by 
the King in letter, 
May 3 






Apr. 15 


Nancy 


— 






May 26 
June 19? 

Aug. 1 


» " { 

Coucy . 


Received by the 
King at Christ- 
church 


\-Not existing. 




Oct. 4 . 


Rheiins 


Acknowledged by 
the King on Oc- 








tober 7 






Dec. 9 . 


Compiegne . 


Barnaby took leave 
of French Court 
with very honour- 
able testimonials 
from Henry II. 


/ 



MOVEMENTS OF KING EDWARD VI 



Date 


Place 


Date 


Place 


1547 




1550 




January 31 . 


The Tower. 


June 4 . 


Sheen (R. Dudley = Amy 


February 19 . 


Westminster Palace. 




Robsart). 


September 18 


Oatlands. 


June 6 . 


To Greenwich. 


October 12 . 


Age ten. 


June 19 . 


Deptford. Sports on the 
river. 


1548 
October 12 . 




, June 25 . 


Greenwich. 


Age eleven. 


July 23 . 
: August 12 


Windsor. 
Guildford. 






August 20 


Oking. 


1549 




August 26 . 


Oatlands. 


March . 


Greenwich. 


September 8 . 


Leaving Nonsuch. 


April 4 . 


To Westminster. 


September 13 


Leaving Oatlands. 


April 18. 


Sydney and Nevill ap- 


October 4 


To Sheen. 




pointed Gentlemen of 


i October 12 . 


Age thirteen. 




the Chamber. 


! October 16 


To Westminster. 


October . 


Hampton Court. 


, December 24 . 


To Greenwich. 


October 6 


Windsor. 






October 12 . 


Age twelve. West- 








minster. 


1551 








1 January 


Westminster. 


1550 




i March 17 


Elizabeth came to see 


March 18 


Mary came to him. 


! 


him. 


May 17 . 


To Greenwich. 


i March 27 


To Greenwich. 1 


June 3 . 


To Sheen (J. Dudley = 


[ April 1 . 


King won at running. 




Anne Seymour). 


1 April 6 . 


King won at rovers. 



THE PROGRESS 



185 



MOVEMENTS OF KING EDWARD Vl.—cont. 



Date 


Place 


Date 


Place 


1551 




1552 




July 4 . 


To Deptford. Launch 


July 15 . 


To Guildford. 




of ships Primrose and 


July 20 . 


To Petworth. 




Mary Willoughby. 


July 25 . 


To Cowdray. 


July 7 . 


To Westminster. 


July 27 . 


To Halnaker. 


July 28 . 


Coursing hares in Hyde 


July 30 . 


To Warblington. 




Park. 


August 4 


To Waltham. 


August 15 


Barnaby and B. Dudley 


August 8 


To Portsmouth. 




appointed Gentlemen 


August 10 


To Titchfield. 




of the Chamber. 


August 14 


To Southampton. 


August 22 


To Windsor. 


August 16 


To Beaulieu. 


August 26 


To Oatlands. 


August 18 . 


To Christchurch. 


September 10 


To Farnham. 


August 23 


To Woodlands. 


September 18 


To Windsor. 


August 24 


To Salisbury. 


September 23 


To Oatlands. 


August 28 


To Wilton. 


September 


At Westminster. 


September 2 . 


To Mottisfont. 


September 28 


The King kept Michael- 


September 5 . 


To Winchester. 




mas in the robes of 


September 7 . 


To Basing. 




the Garter. 


September 10 


To Newbury (Denning- 


October 12 . 


Age fourteen. 




ton Castle). 


December 23 . 


To Greenwich. 


September 12 


To Beading. 






September 15 


To Windsor. 


1552 




September 20 


To Hampton Court. 


January 21 . 


To Westminster. 


October 12 . 


Age fifteen. 


April 2 . 


Sick of measles and 


November 22 . 


Last entry in his Journal. 




smallpox. 


— 


At Westminster. 


— 


Quite recovered. 






April 30. 


To Greenwich. 


1553 




June 11 . 


Mary came to see him. 


April 


Removed to Greenwich. 


June 27 . 


To Hampton Court. 


July 6 . 


Died. 


July 7 . 


To Oatlands. 







186 KING EDWAED VI 



XVIII 

DEATH OF KING EDWARD VI 

The most sad event in history is the crushing of 
bright and well-founded hopes. Young Edward 
had given abundant proofs of his goodness and 
his abilities, and had raised the brightest hopes 
throughout England. Though only a boy, he had 
devoted himself to his duties, and with greater 
success than most men. He was fully aware of 
the evil consequences of bad and dishonest govern- 
ment by his predecessors and his Council. He had 
studied the remedies and was ready to apply 
them. His reign is for ever memorable for the 
establishment of the Church of England, the 
purest form that Christianity can take in days 
of modern civilisation, and the nearest to the 
divine original. His reign saw the completion of 
the Prayer Book as we now possess it, except for 
a few changes after the Restoration. He made a 
cordial alliance with France. He promoted trade 



DEATH OF KING EDWAKD VI 187 

with foreign countries, and he despatched an Arctic 
expedition, the best nursery for our navy. Yet, 
even at the last, he was only in his sixteenth year. 

The year opened gloomily. The King had 
overtaxed his strength during the progress. A 
bad cough tormented him through the winter. In 
April his lungs were seriously affected, and he 
was spitting blood. Dr. Owen, who had attended 
on Edward since his birth, was quite at a loss, 
and called in other physicians. The King was 
removed to Greenwich, and the change of air 
seemed to do him good. In the first week of 
May a decided improvement was reported. On 
May 7 the Duke of Northumberland wrote to 
Sir William Cecil that ' our Sovereign Lord doth 
begin very joyfully to encrease and amende, the 
physicians having no doubt of the thorro recoverie 
of his Highness.' His sister Mary wrote a letter 
on May 16 congratulating her brother on his 
recovery from what she called a ' rheum cough.' 
But a day or two afterwards he was much worse. 
The very worst was feared. 

Northumberland was in dismay. He had 
neglected to calculate on this possibility. He 
was as rapacious as his colleagues, with greater 
personal ambition. But it would be unreasonable 



188 KING EDWAED VI 

not to credit him with some feeling for the public 
good. A man who had worked for the public 
service, as he had done, for over fifteen years, and 
had guided the helm of State for nearly four years, 
must have been largely influenced by public 
motives. With the accession of Mary all he had 
laboured to establish would be swept away: the 
Established Church, the headship of the sovereign, 
the French alliance. In their places there would 
be papal usurpation, probably persecution, and 
ruinous subservience to Spain. A patriotic states- 
man might well think it his duty to endeavour 
to avert such a disaster. Suffolk and Northamp- 
ton would follow him blindly. Pembroke, and 
apparently Shrewsbury, acted with him, but not 
blindly. Doubtless there were hurried consulta- 
tions and decisions. Pembroke had great wealth 
and great influence. 

It was decided that the two half-sisters should 
be passed over, and that Jane Grey should be 
placed next in succession. This would be a wise 
and patriotic arrangement under the circum- 
stances. But their next decision was a fatal 
blunder. Northumberland and Pembroke deter- 
mined to marry the two sisters, Jane and Catherine 
Grey, to their two sons. Jane was only fifteen, 



DEATH OF KING EDWAED VI 189 

Catherine barely thirteen. The marriages took 
place at Durham House in the Strand, North- 
umberland's town residence, on May 21. It was 
thus made to appear that personal ambition was 
the motive of the change ; which aroused the 
jealousy of the Council and the suspicion of the 
people. These marriages were conceived and 
solemnised on the spur of the moment. If North- 
umberland had ever thought of it before, he would 
not have allowed all his sons who had reached 
man's estate to marry — John to Anne Seymour, 
Ambrose to Anne Whorwood, Robert to Amy 
Robsart. He would have reserved his eldest son 
for Jane. As it was, there was only his fourth son 
Guilford, a lad not yet seventeen, left for Jane. 
These marriages were a fatal blunder, and probably 
destroyed any small chance there might have been 
of success. 

The selection of Jane Grey was quite proper, 
and, with the consent of Parliament, would have 
been legal. Jane, though so young in years, had 
already shown firmness, capacity, and knowledge 
of affairs. Her learning in divinity and religious 
controversial subjects was profound. Roger 
Ascham, when he visited her at Bradgate, found 
her reading Plato in Greek. A competent modern 



190 KING EDWAED VI 

judge said that her Latin was so good and so 
classical that it would be dangerous for any scholar 
of the present day to enter into competition with 
her. 1 Her disposition was gentle and affectionate, 
but firm as a rock where any principle was con- 
cerned. There was sympathy and affection and 
community of tastes between King Edward and his 
cousin. Jane would have made him an ideal wife. 
She would have been an ideal Queen Regnant. 

Northumberland's next step was the delicate 
one of persuading the dying King to alter the 
succession by Letters Patent. He knew that they 
would not be valid until they were ratified by an 
Act of Parliament, but Parliament was to meet 
on September 18. The consent of the King and of 
all the notables of the realm would be a necessary 
and important preliminary step. 

The Duke of Northumberland must have 
represented to Edward that the accession of Mary 
would mean the destruction of the reformed 
religion and many other calamities. This would 
have a great effect on the young King's mind, 
and to avert such ruin to gospel truth and such 
a calamity to his people he would feel that an 

1 Dr. Noehden to Sir Henry Ellis, referring to the letter of Jane 
to Bullinger. 



DEATH OP KING EDWAED VI 191 

alteration of the succession would be right. Mary 
was legally illegitimate, and she had formally 
acknowledged the fact. Parliament empowered 
Henry VIII. to settle the succession, but with 
regard to claimants who were legally in the succes- 
sion, which Mary, as a bastard, was not. 1 It 
must have been much more difficult to persuade 
Edward to consent to the disinherison of Elizabeth, 
a dear sister, who was also a good Protestant. It 
must have been represented to him that if he 
allowed the exclusion of Mary, the exclusion of 
Elizabeth was inevitable, because the two cases 
were identical. The difficulties arising from the 
exclusion of one, and not both, would be insuper- 
able, both being disqualified on the same grounds. 
Very unwillingly, and as it were through force of 
circumstances, authority was at length obtained. 



1 No doubt both Mary and Elizabeth were bastards by law. It 
had been enacted that there had been no true marriage between 
Henry and Catherine, owing to her previous marriage with Henry's 
brother. Consequently Mary was legally a bastard. It had been 
enacted that there had been no true marriage between Henry and 
Anne Boleyn, because she was previously betrothed to the Earl of 
Northumberland. Consequently Elizabeth was legally a bastard. 

There was a dispensation for Catherine's marriage, which was, 
therefore, a true marriage. There was no such betrothal as was 
alleged in the case of Anne. Her marriage was, therefore, a true 
one. In reality both sisters were perfectly legitimate, but not in 
the eye of the laws as dictated by Henry VIII. 



192 KING EDWAED VI 

It was characteristic of Edward that, when 
he had once consented to alter the succession, 
though he was very ill and suffering, he took the 
matter into his own hands. He drew up a device 
for the succession, written by himself, and the 
judges were required to embody it in a legal 
document. Chief Justice Montagu represented 
that Letters Patent could not override an Act of 
Parliament. He was told that they would be rati- 
fied by Parliament, and that meanwhile he would 
have a pardon under the Great Seal. He said 
that he had sixteen children to think of, one of 
them maimed for life at the battle of Mussel- 
burgh. 

On June 15 Montagu was ordered to come to 
Greenwich again with three other judges and the 
law officers. They were taken to a chamber 
behind the dining-room, and then brought before 
the King with all the Council present. Montagu 
was an old, weak man. He considered that Mary 
could not legally punish treason done in a former 
reign ; so he consented to draw up the Letters 
Patent. They were engrossed on parchment. On 
June 21 thirty -three of the Council signed. 
Cranmer was long doubtful, but eventually signed 
from conviction. Finally twenty-three peers, nine 



DEATH OF KING EDWAED VI 193 

eldest sons of peers, three prelates, twenty-three 
great officers of State and officers of the House- 
hold, the Lord Chancellor, two Chief Justices, six 
judges and the law officers of the Crown, the 
Lord Mayor and twenty City merchants, in fact, 
all the notables of the realm, signed the Letters 
Patent declaring Jane to be the rightful heir to 
the crown. There were eighty-seven signatures. 

All this worry and excitement must have 
hastened the poor boy's end. He was dying of 
a rapid consumption. He was surrounded by 
devoted and loving friends, who guarded him 
from all danger and watched over him with un- 
tiring devotion. 1 

Sir John Cheke, Sydney, Wroth, Throgmorton, 
and Barnaby were always with their dying master. 
They raised him up in their arms to make his 
breathing easier, and ministered to him continually. 

1 The story about a woman undertaking to cure Edward, but 
refusing to tell the means, and of his having been handed entirely 
over to her, is absurd on the face of it. The story is told by 
Hayward, a very untrustworthy authority, without giving any 
reference. The Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber would not have 
allowed anything of the kind. The tale about the shocking con- 
dition of Edward's body cannot be true. It is the unreliable gossip 
of a foreign ambassador. Such a state of the body could only be 
caused by mineral poisons, and Edward was certainly not poisoned. 
It was matter of life and death to Northumberland that Edward 
should continue to live and not die. Edward's disease (consumption) 
would give rise to nothing of the kind. 

O 



194 KING BDWAED VI 

On July 6 Edward was sinking fast. He was 
raised up by one or other of his loving friends, and 
towards evening he gasped out his last prayer in 
broken sentences : 

' Lord God, deliver me out of this miserable and 
wretched life.' 

' Take me among thy chosen.' 
' Howbeit not my will but thy will be done.' 
' Lord, I commit my spirit to thee.' 
' Lord, thou knowest how happy it were 

for me to be with thee.' 
' Yet for thy chosen's sake, send me life and 

health that I may truly serve thee.' 
1 my God ! bless thy people, and save thine 

inheritance.' 
' Lord God, save thy chosen people of 

England.' 
' my Lord God, defend this realm from 

papistry,' 
' That I and my people may praise thy holy 

name ' 
' For Jesus Christ's sake.' l 

A little later the dying boy said something in so 

1 Fuller's Church History, Book VII. c. xvi. p. 425 ; Fox's Acts, 
and Monuments, p. 1395. 



DEATH OF KING EDWAED VI 195 

low a voice that it was not understood. Dr. Owen 
told him that he was heard to speak, ' but what you 
said we know not.' The King smiled, and said 
that he was praying to God. After an interval 
of silence, he said ' I am faint. Lord, have 
mercy upon me, and take my spirit.' These were 
his last words. Towards nine in the evening the 
dearly loved King breathed his last, in the arms of 
one of these faithful friends — Henry Sydney, it is 
said. 

There stood round his bed Sir Henry Sydney, 
Sir Thomas Wroth, Dr. Owen, Dr. Wendy, Barnaby, 
and a page named Christopher Salmon. 

Surely never did purer spirit ascend to Heaven. 
Never was king so deeply mourned, and never was 
there greater cause. 

The Will of King Edward VI. is in the form 
of a rough draft in the handwriting of Sir William 
Petre, the Secretary of State. 

' In the young years of any of my heirs my 
executors are not to enter upon any wars, except 
on occasion of invasion, nor to surfer religion to be 
altered. 

' Payment of debts to be made, not by devices 
recently decided, but by other means. The 
expenditure of the household to be reduced. 

o 2 



196 KING EDWARD VI 

' My sisters each to have £1000 a year, and 
£10,000 for marriage, if approved. 

' Crown lands not to be given away in fee simple. 

1 Debts to be paid with as much speed as 
may be. 

' All injuries to be recompensed. 

' The College of St. John at Cambridge to have 
£100 a year and a new college to be erected.' 
This was out of affectionate regard for Sir John 
Cheke and Sir William Cecil, who were both of 
St. John's. 

' A grant to the city of London touching the 
Savoy. 

' All who have grants from us, to enjoy our 
grants. 

' My father's tomb, and those of Henry VI. 
and Edward IV. to be made at Windsor.' 

This Will shows how closely the young King 
watched the proceedings of his Council, and how 
clearly he saw their mistakes. No wars were to 
be undertaken in a minority such as that unwise 
Scottish enterprise. The payment of crown debts 
was not to be effected by seizing church property, 
but by honest finance. Crown lands were not to 
be given away in fee simple among themselves. 
Thus the King's last words contain a well- deserved 



DEATH OF KING EDWAED VI 197 

rebuke, and an intimation that, young as he was, 
he had been watching and understanding their 
practices. 

Edward's unfeeling sister entirely disregarded 
all the wishes expressed in his Will. Personally she 
had received nothing but thoughtful liberality and 
kindness from him. 

The physicians and Gentlemen of the Privy 
Chamber duly reported that his Majesty King 
Edward VI. died of a consumption, at about nine 
in the evening on July 6, 1553. 

Fortunately the accession of Mary was delayed 
for a fortnight, and that gave time for the King's 
friends to remove his papers and literary remains 
to places of safety. Hence several of young 
Edward's writings were preserved for posterity. 
Mary could only destroy the letters to Cranmer, 
and perhaps some of Barnaby's letters. 

The funeral was delayed for a month. Mary 
was persuaded by those who were less bigoted and 
more politic than herself, not to interfere with the 
funeral of her brother according to the ritual of 
the Church of England, then by law established. 
He was buried in Westminster Abbey, the arrange- 
ments being made by his devoted servants and 
friends, under the superintendence of Sir Gilbert 



198 KING EDWAED VI 

Dethick, the Garter King at Arms. The body 
was brought by water from Greenwich to West- 
minster Stairs, where the procession was formed. 

On August 8, 1553, the sad procession wended 
its way to Westminster Abbey, where, six and a half 
years before, the people had seen the bright boy 
crowned, a sight filling them with fond hopes for 
the future. Now all was over, and a black cloud 
was hanging over the land. 

First came a great company of children and 
clerks singing. 

Next two Heralds. 

A standard with a dragon. 

The King's servants in black. 

A standard with a white greyhound. 

Officers of the household. 

Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber. 

Former comrades of the King. 

More Heralds. 

A standard. 

Norroy mounted, bearing the helmet and crest. 

Grand banner of arms. 

Divers other banners. 

Clarenceux mounted with target, garter, and 
sword. 

Garter mounted with the King's coat armoury. 



DEATH OF KING EDWARD VI 199 

The chariot with horses trapped to the ground. 

On each horse a man in black, each with a 
banneret of the King's arms. 

On the chariot, which was covered with cloth 
of gold, the effigy lying piteously with crown 
of gold, great collar, sceptre, and robes. 

Great banner of the Garter. 

Great banner of the Red Cross. 

Great banner of Queen Jane Seymour's arms. 

Great banner of the Queen Dowager's arms. 

Chief Mourner 

The Marquis of Winchester. 

The Earl of Oxford The Earl of Sussex 

The Earl of Shrewsbury The Earl of Bath 

The Earl of Worcester The Earl of Pembroke 

Lord Abergavenny Lord Windsor 

Lord Borough Lord Berkeley 

Lord Stourton Lord Cobham 

all in mantles of cloth of gold lined with white 
satin. 

The grave was near the east end of the Lady 
Chapel, under an altar of brass, with four fluted 
pillars and capitals supporting a canopy. It has 
since been destroyed. Only the King's name on 
the pavement now marks the place. 



200 KING EDWAED VI 

The Archbishop of Canterbury read the beauti- 
ful funeral service of the Church of England. He 
had christened his godson Edward, had crowned 
him, and the King's burial was destined to be the 
last public service the future martyr would ever 
perform. Good old Cranmer ! All hope for re- 
ligion, liberty, even faith, seemed to have departed. 
The earnest labours of the old man's life seemed 
to have been useless. All seemed buried in young 
Edward's grave. Yet it was not so. England 
had to pass through a fiery furnace of persecution. 
But it would be extinguished. Then all Edward's 
good work would be restored, to last for ages. 
Cranmer was burnt before the promised land was 
reached. Yet his martyrdom, equally with those 
of Ridley and Latimer, ' lighted a candle which, 
by God's grace, has never been put out.' 

Dr. Day, the popish Bishop of Chichester, who 
had been deprived, preached the funeral sermon. 
Sir John Cheke had interceded for him with 
Edward, and the young King had interfered 
in his behalf. He now showed his gratitude for 
help and kindness from a sovereign whose death 
all had cause to mourn. 

Several authentic portraits of Edward VI. are 
in existence, most of them attributed to Holbein, 



POETEAITS OF KING EDWAED VI 201 

but as Holbein died in 1543, none of them can 
be by him which were painted after Edward 
reached his seventh year. 

1. A child's head as sketched by Holbein. 

2. A finished picture, half length, done in 
1538, the property of the Earl of Yarborough. A 
duplicate at Herrenhausen. Engraved by Hollar. 

3. A whole length at the age of two, at Sion, 
by Holbein. 

4. The Duke of Buccleuch's miniature, age four. 

5. A portrait when aged seven, at Burleigh. 

6. The picture at Christ's Hospital, painted 
when he was nine. 

7. A profile in Holbein's Portfolio at Windsor. 

8. Another excellent portrait at Christ's Hospital 
which, in the time of Elizabeth, belonged to Sir 
Anthony Mildmay. 

9. The portrait at Petworth represents Edward 
in the year of his accession ; probably by Guillim 
Stretes. It was engraved for Lodge's portraits. 

10. A portrait at Hampton Court. 

11. A portrait at Windsor at the age of fifteen, 
also probably by Guillim Stretes. 

12. A portrait at Kimbolton. 

13. A portrait at Loseley in Surrey, painted in 
1547 at the time of the coronation. 



202 KING EDWARD VI 

14. A portrait at St. Chad's, Lichfield. The 
King at the age of twelve. 

15. A portrait at Chicksands, Beds. The King 
at the age of fifteen. 

16. A portrait at Norford, Norfolk. 

17. A portrait painted in 1552, which the King 
presented to Barnaby. It is now the property 
of Lord Castletown, Barnaby's representative. 
This is the latest. The shape of the face is more 
oval, and the expression older. 

18. The great picture at Bridewell. The King 
transferring that palace to the City. It was 
engraved by Vertue in 1750. 

19. Portrait by Guillim Stretes, panel, circular 
frame, a foot across, at the Manchester Exhibition. 

Painters to Edward VI. : Anthony Toto, Guillim 
Stretes, Nicholas Lygarde. 

NOTABLES OP THE EEALM WHO SIGNED THE 
LETTERS PATENT FOR JANE TO BE QUEEN 

Peers 

Duke of Northumberland. 

Duke of Suffolk. 

Marquis of Northampton. 

Marquis of Winchester (Lord Treasurer). 

Earl of Oxford. 

Earl of Arundel. 

Earl of Shrewsbury. 



DEATH OP KING EDWAED VI 203 

Earl of Westmorland. 

Earl of Huntingdon. 

Earl of Worcester. 

Earl of Pembroke. 

Earl of Bedford (Lord Privy Seal). 

Lord Abergavenny. 

Lord Grey de Wilton. 

Lord Clinton (Lord High Admiral). 

Lord Cobham. 

Lord Bray. 

Lord Windsor. 

Lord Wentworth. 

Lord Willoughby of Parham. 

Lord Darcy of Chich. 

Lord Paget of Beaudesert. 

Lord Bich. 

Eldest Sons of Peers 

The Earl of Warwick (Northumberland). 

Lord Fitzwarine (Bath). 

Lord Fitz waiter (Sussex). 

Lord Talbot (Shrewsbury). 

Lord St. John of Basing (Winchester). 

Lord Bussell (Bedford). 

Lord Fitzgerald (Kildare). 

Lord Strange (Derby). 

Lord Thomas Grey (brother of Suffolk). 

Prelates 

Dr. Cranmer (Archbishop of Canterbury). 

Dr. Goodrich (Bishop of Ely. Lord Chancellor). 

Dr. Eidley (Bishop of London). 

Great Officers of State 
Sir J. Baker (Chancellor of the Exchequer). 
Sir J. Gates (Chancellor of the Duchy). 



204 KING EDWARD VI 

Sir T. Cheyney (Lord Warden of Cinque Ports). 

Sir W. Petre, Sir W. Cecil (Secretaries of State). 

Sir E. North. 

Sir Anthony St. Leger. 

Sir Anthony Browne. 

Sir J. Mason. 

Sir H. Gage. 

Household 

Sir W. Cavendish (Treasurer). 
Sir E. Cotton (Controller). 
Sir E. Sadleir (Wardrobe). 

Sir John Cheke, Sir Thomas Wroth, Sir Henry Sydney, 
Sir N. Throgmorton (Gentlemen of the Chamber). 
Sir Ed. Southwell. 
Sir E. Sackville. 
Sir M. Berkeley. 
Sir E. Blount. 
J. Lucas. 

Judges 

Chief Justices. — Montagu, Cholmley. 
Chief Baron. — Bradshawe. 
Master of the Eolls. — Southwell. 
Judges. — Brown, Portman, Bowes. 
Speaker. — J. Dyer. 
Attorney-General. — Griffin. 
Solicitor-General. — Gosnold. 

City 

The Lord Mayor— Sir G. Barne. 

Sheriff of Middlesex. 

Six Aldermen. 

Six Merchants of the Staple. 

Six Merchant Adventurers. 

{Eighty -seven Signatures.) 



XIX 

THE MARIAN TERROR — FATE OF KING EDWARD'S 
RELATIONS AND FRIENDS 

King Edward left religion settled by the Act of 
Uniformity, the Prayer Book, and the Articles of 
Religion. He had plans ready for paying the 
crown debts, for restoring the currency, for pro- 
moting trade, and for ameliorating the condition 
of the people. His Will provided for his sisters. 
His learned and high-minded young cousin Jane 
had the ability and firmness to complete his work. 
His friendly relations with France, so important 
for the welfare of his country, would be main- 
tained. With these hopes and in this belief the 
young King died. 

The Council and the great officers of State 
duly proclaimed Queen Jane on July 10, 1553, 
in accordance with the Letters Patent they had 
all signed, and in anticipation of the assent of 



206 KING EDWAED VI 

Parliament. Jane herself was a minor, a child of 
fifteen, a passive instrument. The Council was 
alone responsible. 

But it was a forlorn hope. For a chance of 
success months of preparation were necessary. 
An attempt to secure the person of Mary failed. 
She rode away to Norfolk to gather her supporters. 
The people were ignorant of Mary's true character. 
Northumberland marched against her, but the 
general feeling was for the princess who was next 
in succession by Act of Parliament, and of whom 
they knew nothing. The attempt was bold and 
courageous. If the country had known Mary as 
she came to be known afterwards, Northumber- 
land would have had the unanimous support of 
the nation. As it was his troops would not obey 
him. In his absence the cowardly and treacherous 
Council abandoned the young Queen to whom they 
had sworn allegiance, and fearing for their own 
safety, they proclaimed Mary on July 20. The 
worst traitor was Pembroke. He had worked 
with Northumberland throughout. A man of 
great influence and great wealth, his support was 
necessary for the attempt. But seeing -how things 
were going, he went into the City on the 19th 
and made a violent speech in favour of Mary. 




LADY JANE GREY. 
From an Engraving by J. Thomson. 



THE MAEIAN TERROR 207 

This turned the scale. For Pembroke safety and 
riches came before honour. 

Northumberland was of course condemned to 
death, and by the very same treacherous and 
dishonoured politicians who had joined him in 
proclaiming Jane. The Marquis of Northampton, 
the Archbishop, the young Queen, Sir Thomas 
Palmer, Sir John Gates, and the five young 
Dudleys were also condemned. The Duke's end 
was sad enough. The attempt was bold. It 
failed, and he did not want to pay the penalty. 
He cannot be blamed for returning to the religion 
of his youth. But he abandoned all dignity when 
he begged for his life. 1 He had never feared 
death. Winning his spurs under Suffolk, he 
served his country valorously at Leith, at Boulogne, 
and in the charge at Musselburgh, and he went 
alone among the Norfolk rebels with his life in his 
hand. He was brave enough. Mr. Froude, who 
has a kindly word for him, suggests that he felt 
his cause to be bad. But he cannot have thought 
that. 

1 Of all Simon Renard's fabrications the most absurd is that 
Mary wanted to spare Northumberland, but that he prevented it. 
Of course the story is not corroborated by anyone else. Eenard 
knew that his master desired the execution of Northumberland, and 
he wanted to have the credit of having gratified that desire, in spite 
of some opposition. 



208 KING EDWAED VI 

Sir John Gates, the young King's faithful 
Chancellor of the Duchy, and Sir Thomas Palmer 
were beheaded with the Duke on August 22. 

For two reasons Northumberland's memory 
deserves respect. His invariable loyalty to and 
consideration for his young master cover a multi- 
tude of sins. His very able command of the fleet 
when England was threatened with invasion 
should remind us that Dudley was a gallant 
Admiral before he was a politician. His flagship, 
the Great Harry, was entirely destroyed by fire 
within a week of her Admiral's death. 1 

It has been sad that Mary showed leniency 
at the opening of her reign, because she only 
had eleven people condemned to death, of which 
number only three were executed at once. But 
two more were executed soon afterwards, one was 
deprived of all his titles and ruined, another died 
in prison, another was burnt. Only two of the 
young Dudleys escaped, having powerful pro- 
tectors. It must be remembered who the traitors 
were, from Mary's point of view. They were the 
principal notables of the kingdom — the Privy 
Council, the great officers of State, a third of the 
Peerage, the Judges, the Law Officers, the Speaker, 

1 His wife died and was buried at Chelsea in 1554. 



THE MAEIAN TEEEOE 209 

the Lord Mayor, and the principal City merchants. 
Some were too powerful to be touched, and able 
to protect their friends. Others could not well 
be removed. The administrative business of the 
country must be carried on. This could not be 
done by the Rochesters and Inglefields of Mary's 
household. She was obliged to pardon many 
' traitors,' and to be satisfied with three executions 
at first. It was not leniency but necessity. 

But we have only to do with Mary in her 
attempted destruction of her good brother's 
work, and in her treatment of his relations and 
friends. 

She began, in a packed Parliament, with the 
repeal of Edward's legislation. The Act of Uni- 
formity, the Prayer Book, the Articles of Religion, 
were abolished, and the atrocious Act for burning 
heretics was reimposed on December 12, 1554. In 
defiance of the interests of the country, and the 
wishes of the people, Mary next negotiated a 
marriage with the Prince of Spain, son of her 
cousin, the Emperor Charles V., who was made 
King of Naples for the occasion. To prevent 
this national calamity there was an insurrection 
in Kent under Sir Thomas Wyatt, and attempts 
were made at risings by the Duke of Suffolk in 

p 



210 KING EDWAED VI 

the Midlands, and by Sir Peter Carew in Devon- 
shire. These attempts failed. Hundreds of the 
poor followers of Wyatt were hanged, and the 
City of London was like a shambles. The Duke 
of Suffolk, his brother Lord Thomas Grey, and 
Guilford Dudley, a lad of seventeen, were be- 
headed. 

The worst crime was the execution of Jane. 
Mary's cousin was a child of fifteen, a minor and 
not responsible, a passive instrument in the 
hands of the Council. The members of that 
Council, the treacherous men who had proclaimed 
and had then betrayed and deserted her to save 
themselves, were alone responsible. They were 
now seeking pardons and favours from Mary. 
Not one raised his voice against the death of the 
victim they had betrayed. 

The girl Queen l showed the nobility and beauty 
of her character in adversity. She sustained her 
weak vacillating father by her loving exhortations, 
and strengthened him to die with dignity. She 
patiently listened to the arguments of popish 
bigots who were sent to persecute her, while her 

1 Jane has exactly the same right to be reckoned among the 
sovereigns of England as Edward V. Both were proclaimed by the 
Council and great officers of State, but neither was acknowledged 
by Parliament. The cases are identical. 




HENRY GREY, DUKE OF SUFFOLK. 
From an Engraving by W. Holl after the Painting by Mark Gerard. 



THE MARIAN TERROR 211 

learning enabled her to refute their sophisms. 
She died as she had lived, a true Queen, firm, 
courageous, gentle. Yet she was only just sixteen. 
The crime was perpetrated on February 12, 1554. 
England has had no more noble sovereigns than 
the young boy and girl cousins, King Edward VI. 
and Queen Jane. 

After all these executions, Mary was unsatiated. 
Her own sister Elizabeth was to be the next 
victim. Here was the great danger for the country. 
After Jane's death, Elizabeth was the sole hope 
of England. She was thrown into prison, and 
several victims were tortured to extract evidence 
against her. But the judges declared there was no 
case. Lord Howard of Effingham vowed vengeance 
if she was made away with in prison. Elizabeth 
was sent from the Tower to Woodstock as a 
prisoner, as she believed, to be murdered, ' tanquam 
ovis ' she said. When Philip arrived he insisted 
that Elizabeth should be liberated and treated as 
a princess. Philip certainly saved several other 
lives, whether from policy or, as it may perhaps 
be hoped, at least partly, from a better motive. 

Lord Paget made his peace, and was on Mary's 
Council. To his credit be it recorded that he 
opposed the continuance of vindictive executions. 

p 2 



212 KING EDWAED VI 

He declared that the people would not endure it. 
A certain amount of timidity was mingled with 
Mary's severity. She was frightened of her ruthless 
father, and signed the recantations he demanded. 
She was alarmed, to some extent, by Paget's 
representations of the danger of her proceedings. 
Thus Paget succeeded in saving the young Dudleys 
except Guilford, and the sons of Lord Cobham. 

The Marquis of Northampton was spared 
because his brother-in-law Pembroke was too 
powerful to offend, but he was attainted, and 
deprived of all his titles. 

The religious persecutions were the most horrible 
events in Mary's reign. Five prelates and 270 
other innocent persons were burnt at the stake. 
Among young Edward's preachers were the devout 
and kind-hearted Kidley, honest and fearless old 
Latimer, the accomplished Bradford. The Arch- 
bishop of Canterbury, too confident in his courage, 
refused to escape, which he could easily have 
done. The good old man knew not his own 
weakness. He could not face the horrors of the 
stake, and he recanted. Mary's conduct with 
regard to Cranmer shows her want of intelligence 
even more than her vindictive cruelty. She 
insisted on his being burnt, after suffering many 
insults and indignities. If she had kept her 



THE MAEIAN TERROR 213 

word Cranmer would have gone forth a discredited 
and broken-hearted old man. As it was, he tore 
up the recantation and threw it in the faces of 
his tormentors, declaring that the hand that 
signed the accursed document should be burnt 
first. Thus King Edward's beloved godfather, 
who christened, crowned, and buried him, finally 
won a martyr's crown. 

Great numbers of prelates and other dignitaries 
of the Church of England, with many members of 
their flocks, escaped abroad. 

We now turn to the fates of young Edward's 
nearest and dearest friends. 

The Duchess of Suffolk, mother of his young- 
Brandon companions, escaped abroad with her 
husband, Mr. Bertie. Her son, Lord Willoughby, 
was born in the church porch at Wesel, and 
eventually the Duchess and Mr. Bertie found a 
hospitable refuge with Sigismund, King of Poland. 
Mary wanted to confiscate the property of the 
Duchess, but Parliament asserted itself for once, 
and refused assent to the injustice. 

Edward's tutors, Dr. Cox and Sir John Cheke, 
escaped abroad. But the saddest fate was that 
of the latter, the young King's beloved and life- 
long friend. Cheke was travelling in Flanders 
when he was treacherously kidnapped by Philip's 



214 KING EDWAED VI 

order, and handed over to Mary. He had not the 
courage or strength of will to face the fearful ordeal 
of being burnt. He consented to recant in order 
to escape this agonising form of death. He had 
to do so in the most public and insulting manner 
in Mary's presence. He went forth a shamed and 
broken-hearted man, and died on September 13, 
1557, just a year before the Marian terror had 
run its allotted course. 

John Hales, the patriotic opponent of enclosures, 
escaped abroad. 

Of the Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber, 
Barnaby was protected by his cousin, the Earl of 
Ormonde. Sir Henry Sydney does not appear to 
have been molested. Sir Thomas Wroth escaped 
abroad, with King Edward's able diplomatist, 
Sir Richard Morrison, and many others. John 
Harington, the faithful servant and friend of 
Edward's favourite uncle, Lord Sudeley, was 
thrown into prison, as an adherent of Elizabeth. 

Nicholas Throgmorton was seized and tried 
for his life. But he successfully defended himself, 
in spite of the injustice and partiality of Judge 
Bromley. The jury would have no more slaughter, 
and boldly acquitted him. It was a most courageous 
thing to do. The honest and patriotic jurymen 
were imprisoned and heavily fined. 



THE MARIAN TERROR 215 

Grafton, the King's printer, was discharged. 
Handsome Cuthbert Vaughan, the keeper of 
Edward's dogs, escaped hanging by a hair's 
breadth. 

Of the Secretaries of State, Petre was always 
a concealed papist. Cecil outwardly complied, 
and escaped death. Sir Thomas Smith retired to 
Hill Hall. He would neither fly the country 
nor comply. For some reason or other he was not 
molested. It is supposed that Gardiner protected 
him, more likely it was Paget. 

The fate of young Edward's able and learned 
political instructor, Master William Thomas, was 
very sad. He was dismissed from all his employ- 
ments by Mary. He took refuge with Sir Peter 
Carew in Devonshire, but Sir Peter fled to France, 
followed by a great number of young gentlemen 
of the West Country. Mary demanded that they 
should be given up, but Henry II. nobly refused. 
Thomas wandered from county to county, and was 
captured in Gloucestershire on February 20, 1554. 
Brought to the Tower, he heard that he was to 
be tortured to extort some accusation against 
the Princess Elizabeth. He feared for his powers 
of endurance, and tried to drive a knife into his 
breast, but was prevented. Such a self-immola- 
tion would surely have been pardonable. He was 



216 KING EDWARD VI 

tortured but remained steadfast, and nothing was 
extorted from him. He was tried on an accusation 
of having argued against the Spanish marriage, 
and compassed the Queen's life. There was one 
witness named Arnold, proved by Throgmorton to 
have been a notorious liar. 1 It was a murder with 
the mockery of judicial forms. The trial was at the 
Guildhall on May 8, 1554. On the 18th Master 
Thomas was drawn on a sledge to Tyburn, hanged, 
beheaded, and quartered. His head was stuck on 
London Bridge, his quarters in front of his house. 
His last words were ' I die for my country.' 

Mary ended by breaking King Edward's 
peace with France, plunging the country into a 
disastrous war by order of her Spanish husband, 
and losing Calais. 

At last the unhappy bigot was called to her 
account. Perhaps her sanity may be doubted. 
The five years of misrule came to an end. England 
had to pass through a fiery furnace of persecution, 
and then the prayer of the good young king was 
mercifully and happily answered. 

1 Wyatt, after torture and when hoping for mercy, also accused 
Mr. Thomas of proposing the Queen's death. He was accusing 
others to save himself, including the Princess Elizabeth. His 
evidence in such circumstances is quite worthless, as Strype has 
pointed out. Wyatt recanted before he died, certainly as regards 
Elizabeth, and probably as regards his other accusations extorted 
under torture. 




QUEEN MARY. 
From an Engraving by H. T. Myall after the Painting by Holbein. 



THE MAEIAN TEEEOE 



217 



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218 KING EDWARD VI 



XX 

edward's sister 'temperance' 

Edward had well called his sister ' Temperance,' 
for it was by temperance and moderation that she 
restored prosperity to the country. She showed 
by many acts that she revered the memory of her 
young brother, and forgave her exclusion on the 
Letters Patent, as a step taken under pressure 
and in s'.ckness. She forgave the Dudley family 
and was warmly attached to the two surviving 
sons, as the friends of her childhood. 

The great Queen's first measures were to 
restore her brother's legislation, and to adopt his 
plans. In re-enact'ng Edward's Act for the 
Uniformity of Common Prayer and the Admini- 
stration of the Sacraments it was declared that 
the repeal by Mary's Parliament was void and of 
none effect. The repeal, it was further declared, 
1 caused a great decay of the due honour to God, 
and discomfort to the truth of Christ's religion.' 



EDWAED'S SISTER ' TEMPEEANCE * 219 

Edward's legislation was restored and again made 
law, and so it has remained to the present day. 

Even before that, Elizabeth had, by the agency 
of Sir Thomas Gresham, taken steps to adopt 
the measures about which young Edward had been 
so anxious, the payment of the crown debts, and 
the restoration of the currency. It was a difficult 
undertaking, after years of misgovernment, but it 
was achieved with thoroughness and completeness. 

Next came the Queen's kindly acts of restitution. 
Of the five young Dudleys, John Earl of Warwick 
had died in prison, Guilford had fallen a victim 
to Mary's cruelty, Henry was killed at St. Quentin, 
Ambrose and Robert survived. Elizabeth restored 
Ambrose to his father's Earldom of Warwick, and 
created Robert Earl of Leicester. 

The Marquis of Northampton was restored to 
all his honours and titles. 

The exiled divines of the Church of England 
were welcomed back. Several were made Bishops. 
All were provided for. Among them Dr. Alex- 
ander Nowell, formerly Headmaster of West- 
minster School, who had written the ' Catechismus 
Brevis ' for young Edward, had escaped to Ger- 
many. On his return he was made Archdeacon of 
Middlesex, Prebendary of Westminster, Canon of 



220 KING EDWAED VI 

Windsor, Principal of Brasenose, and Rector of 
Much Hadham, where he became a famous angler, 
giving his fish to his parishioners. He lived to a 
great age, and died in 1602. 

The body of Peter Martyr's wife, which had 
been dug up by Mary, was restored to consecrated 
ground at Christ Church, and was honoured by 
having the relics^of St. Frideswide buried with it. 

The Duchess of Suffolk and Mr. Bertie returned 
happily to Grimthorpe, and their son Lord 
Willoughby became one of the great Queen's most 
trusted diplomatists and generals. 

Of young Edward's tutors, Dr. Cox had escaped 
to Frankfort. Elizabeth made him Bishop of Ely. 
The well-loved Sir John Cheke had died in shame 
and sorrow. The Queen knighted his son, and 
made him Secretary to the Council of the North. 

When honest John Hales returned from exile, 
he was restored to his Clerkship of the Hanaper. 

Of the Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber, when 
Sir Thomas Wroth returned from Strassburg he 
was most graciously received and was in great 
favour. He lived for many years at Enfield, and 
was a member of Parliament. 1 

1 Fuller dedicated one of the books of his Church History to 
Sir Henry, a great-grandson of Sir Thomas Wroth. 



EDWAED'S SISTEE « TEMPEEANCE ' 221 

Sir Nicholas Throgmorton became an eminent 
statesman and diplomatist, and was for many- 
years in high favour with the Queen. Of the best 
loved, Sydney and Barnaby, we will speak last. 

Of the Secretaries of State, Petre trimmed his 
sails to the change. Sir William Cecil became 
Lord Burleigh, the Queen's faithful and most 
trusted Minister. Sir Thomas Smith was employed 
on important diplomatic missions. 

Master William Thomas, King Edward's good 
friend and adviser, was not forgotten. Respect 
was shown to his memory by the reversal of the 
unjust sentence, and his restoration in blood. 
Many friends had mourned his untimely and cruel 
death. 

Sir Henry Sydney had been a most faithful 
and loving friend of the young King. He was 
son-in-law of Northumberland. Sir Henry became 
one of the finest examples of an Elizabethan 
statesman, able, upright, and fearless. He dis- 
tinguished himself as Lord Deputy of Ireland, 
where he had opportunities of befriending Barnaby. 
He was a Knight of the Garter, and survived 
until 1586. 

It is probable that the impetus given to Arctic 
enterprise by Edward VI. was felt down to the 



222 KING EDWAED VI 

time of the voyages of Frobisher. For Sir Martin 
Frobisher appealed to Sir Henry Sydney to obtain 
for him the Queen's approval, through Ambrose 
Dudley Earl of Warwick, his brother-in-law. If 
Sydney took action, he would have been impelled 
to do so by the memory of the interest his dear 
young master took in Arctic discovery. 

Barnaby was the best beloved. On the death 
of Edward he appears to have put himself under 
the protection of his cousin the Earl of Ormonde. 
He was a charming lad, and grew up to be an 
honourable and faithful subject of the great Queen. 
He returned to Ireland, governing his estates with 
valour and wisdom. He was a diligent and watch- 
ful opponent of the Queen's enemies, defeating 
and killing Rory O'More among other rebels. His 
old friend Sir Henry Sydney held him in high 
estimation, and knighted him in 1566. For some 
reason Barnaby incurred the enmity of the Earl of 
Ormonde, who brought charges against him, and 
he was committed to Dublin Castle. Sir Henry 
Wallop declared the charges to be false. In 1560 
Barnaby had married Jane, daughter of Sir Row- 
land Eustace, Viscount Baltinglas, and had a 
daughter Margaret. His wife and daughter appear 
to have been abducted, and he died of a broken 



EDWAKD'S SISTEE 'TEMPERANCE' 223 

heart in the house of a surgeon named Kelly in 
Dublin, on September 11, 1581. His only child 
Margaret married James Lord Dunboyne. Sydney 
said of Barnaby : c He was the most sufficient man 
that ever I found of that country birth.' He was 
succeeded in his estates (not as Baron of Upper 
Ossory) by his brother Florence. 

Lord Castletown, the present head of Barnaby's 
family, still possesses the portrait of Edward VI., 
given to his ancestor by the King, and seven of 
Edward's autograph letters addressed to Barnaby 
when he was in France. 

Here the story ends. It began with the boy 
and girl, Edward and Elizabeth, loving brother 
and sister, studying and playing together in their 
Hertfordshire homes. The boy became King, 
and in a few years he was struck down with a 
mortal illness. His death would bring evils on 
his country, his religion, and his friends, unless by 
some means they could be averted. He was in- 
duced to attempt the avoidance of these calamities 
even at the price of sacrificing the interests of his 
sister. But it was not to be. He was spared the 
knowledge, yet the terrible storm burst over the 
country, overwhelming all that was dear to him. 



224 KING EDWAED VI 

His cousin Jane fell a victim with many others. 
His sister narrowly escaped destruction. In due 
time the sky cleared. The sun shone once more. 
The gloom was dispelled ; and the great Queen 
restored her young brother's legislation, carried 
out his plans, and befriended all the survivors 
of those who had been dear to him. Elizabeth 
cherished the memory of the well-remembered 
companion of her early years. 



PEDIGEEE OP SYDNEY 



225 



William Sydney Sir W. Brandon 
J 
Nicholas Sydney = Anne Sir Hugh Pagenham 



I I 

Sir William Svdnev = Anne 
At Flodden Field". Had | 
the grant of Pens- 
hurst. Chamberlain 
to Edward VI. 



I 
Sybill = Penne 
Nurse to 
Edward VI. 



Lucy = Sir James Har- 
rington. 



Sir Henry Sydney, K.G. = Lady Mary 



Gentleman of the Privy 
Chamber to Edward VI. 
Died 1586. 



Dudley. 
Died 1586. 



Frances = T. Ratoliffe, 
Earl of 
Sussex. 



Sir Philip Sydney = Frances Sir Robert Sydney, K.G. = Barbara Mary =Earl of Pem- 
died Oct. 16, 1586. Walsing- Governor of Flushing. Gamage. Died broke, 
ham. Baron Sydney of Pens- 1621. 

hurst. Viscount Lisle. 
1618 Earl of Leicester. 
Died 1626. 



Robert, 2nd Earl of Leicester = Dorothy, Philippa = Sir John 
Died 1677. I d. of 9th Earl of Hobart. 

Northumberland. 



Philip Viscount Lisle = Lady Algernon Sydney 



3rd Earl of Leicester. 
Died 1697. 



Catherine (The Patriot"* 
Cecil. 



Henry Dorothy = Spencer, Earl 
Earl of (Sacha- of Sunder- 
Romney. rissa). land 

Cr. 1689. 
Died unmarried 1704. 



Robert, 4th Earl = Lady Eliz. Egerton. 
of Leicester. 



5th Earl. 6th Earl. 7th Earl. Thomas Sydney 
Died 1705. Died 1737. Died 1743. 



Elizabeth = Wm. Perry. 
(Heiress 
of Pens- 
hurst). 



Elizabeth = Sir Bysshe Shelley. 

Sir J. Shelley Svdney = Henrietta, d. of 
I Sir H. Hunloke. 



Philip, cr. Lord Lisle = Lady Sophia 
and Dudley 1835. I Fitzclarence. 



Lord Lisle and Dudleys Mary, d. of Sir 
W. Foulis. 



Q 



226 



KING EDWAED VI 



PEDIGREE OF BABNABY. 

BARNABY (BERXARDUS) FiTZPATRICK 

Chief of Upper Ossory 



BARN'ABY FiTZPATRICK; 



Lad , Margaret Butler, 
d. of Piers, Earl of 
Ormonde. 



1560 
Sir Barxaby Fitz-= Jaue, d. of Vis- Florence Fitzpatrick (of 



Patrick, Baron 
of Upper Ossory. 
Friend of Edward 
VI. Born 1535. 
Died 1581. 



count 
tinglas 



Bal- Castletown and Upper 
Ossory). 



Margaret = Lord Duuboyne. 



John Fitzpatrick 
(of Castletown ). 



John 



Richard, R.N. 
1715 created 
Baron Gowran. 



John Fitzpatrick. 
Created 1758 Earl 
of Upper Ossory. 



Johx Fitzpatrick 
Earl of Upper 
Ossory. 



Mary=Lord Louisa = Marquis 
Holland. of Lans- 

downe. 



Anne, Gertrude, 
s.p. s.p. 



Right Hon. John W. Fitzpatrick. 
1869 created Lord Castletown. 



Emma = R. Vernon 
Smith, Lord 
Lieveden. 



| 1874 

R. E. Barnaby = Emily St. Leger, Mrs. Skef- 
Fitzpatrick, d. of Lord Done- flngton 
2nd Lord raile. Smyth. 

Castletown. 



Mrs. Magniac 



Mrs. Higgin- 
son. 



Mrs. Wing- 
field. 



Lady Sebright Lady Murray 
Daughter = Sir Frank Younghusband. 



XXI 

AUTHORITIES 

King Edward's own Literary Remains — Works of 
W. Thomas. 

King Edward VI. His Journal. 1 Cottonian MSS. (Nero, 
C. x.). Begun March 1550. Last 
entry November 22, 1552. Printed 
in Burnet's History of the Beforma- 
tion, and by John Gough Nichols 
(Eoxburghe Club), 1857. MS. sixty- 
eight leaves folio. 

His Greek and Latin Exercises. 1 
Arundel MSS. (Brit. Mus.) and two 
vols, in Bodleian Library. 

Greek and Latin Declamations. Folio 
in Brit. Mus. 

Latin Letters (Harleian MS. 5087). 
Printed in Ellis's Original Letters : 
to his father, Catherine Parr, Cranmer, 
Elizabeth ; two from Elizabeth, two 
to Somerset. 

Scheme for the Order of the Garter l 
(in Latin), with Journal. Printed by 
Burnet. 

Compilation against Idolatry, in French 
(in Library, Trin. Coll., Camb.). 
Printed by Burnet. 

1 Autograph. 

Q 2 



228 KING EDWAED VI 

King Edward VI. On Faith (Brit. Mus.). 

(continued) On the Papacy (Brit. Mus.). 

Device for the Succession. 1 
William Thorias Works (from the Cotton Library) tran- 
(see Strype). scribed by A. D'Aubant, 1774. 

Disquisitions on Affairs (in Strype). 
List of Questions for the King (Ellis's 

Original Letters, 2nd S. ii.) 
Translation of Barbaro (Hakluyt Soc, 

1873). 
Wood's Athena. 
Chalmers, Biographical Dictionary. 

Strype — Fuller — Burnet. 

Strype, Ecclesias- Vol. ii. Pt. i. : The Christening, p. 1. ; 
tical Memorials. Education, p. 13 ; Latin Letters, 
pp. 15, 59, 366 ; Sir Thomas Wroth, 
p. 387 ; Eeception of Mary of Guise, 
p. 502 ; Eeview of Troops, 583 ; 
Nowell's Catechism, p. 590; Debts, 
pp. 593-597. 
Vol. ii. Pt. ii. : Lists of Council, House- 
hold, Bishops, pp. 157, 165. 
Grammar Schools. 
Commonplaces of State (Thomas), 

p. 315. 
Discourses for the King's Use 

(Thomas), pp. 365, 388. 
On the Coinage. Note for the King 

(Thomas), p. 389. 
Confession of Fraud (Sharrington), 

p. 397. 
List of Sale of Chantries, p. 402. 
Eeports on Insurrections, p. 422. 

1 Autograph. 



AUTHOKITIES 229 

Fuller, Church Bk. vii. : Letter to Barnaby about 
History. death of Somerset, p. 409. 

King's Instructions to Barnaby, 

p. 411. 
Letter to Barnaby from Christ- 
church. 
Latin Letters, p. 423 (same as in 

Ellis). 
Prayer on his Death-bed, p. 415. 
Bk. viii. : Sir E. Montagu's Case. 

Fuller, Worthies Two Letters from the King to Barnaby, 
(Middlesex). May 3 and October 7, 1552. 

From Barnaby to the King, Decem- 
ber 28, 1551. 
From Cecil to Barnaby, December 22, 
1551. 

Burnet, History Vol. ii. Pt. ii. Bk. ii. : King Edward's 
of the Beforma- Journal. 

tion. On Idolatry (in French), by King 

Edward. 
Discourse on Beformation of Abuses, 

by King Edward. 
Reform of the Statutes of the Garter, 

by King Edward. 
On a Free Mart in England, by King 

Edward. 
Method for Proceedings in Council, 

by King Edward. 
More Orderly Despatch of Business. 1 
Order for King Edward's Coronation. 

1 Interlined in many placea by the King. 



230 



KING EDWARD VI 



to Bamaby (see 
pp. 183-184). 



Letters to Bamaby — Haytvard — Tytler — Nichols. 
Edward's Letters Printed at Strawberry Hill by Horace 
Walpole in 1772, with permission 
of the Earl of Upper Ossory, from 
copies made by the Eev. W. Cole. 
Again printed more accurately from 
the original by the Eight Hon. 
J. W. Fitzpatrick in 1856. Seven 
autograph letters penes Lord Castle- 
town. 
Foxe's Book of Martyrs. 
Strype's Life of Cheke. 
Strype's Life of Granmer. 
Stow's Chronicle. 
Holinshed's Chronicle. 
Latimer's Sermons. 
[For Barnaby see 
Dublin Univer- 
sity Magazine, 
xliv. p. 535 ; 
Gent leman s 
Magazine, lxii. 
p. 704.] 
J. Hayward, Life Severely criticised by Strype. He 
and Beign of originated the stories of Edward 
Edward VI. being cut out of his mother's womb, 

(1636, 8vo. and and of his having been handed 

in Kennet). over to a female quack when dying. 

It is a poor performance and un- 
reliable. 
HayWard's authorities were the King's 
Journal ; Patten's account of the 
Scotch Campaign ; Holinshed, which 
he often misquotes ; and Sanders's 
De Schismate Anglicano, ' a profligate 
liar, a very slave of Popery.' 



AUTHOEITIES 



231 



P. F. Tytler, 
England under 
Edward VI. and 
Mary. (1839, 
2 vols. 8vo.) 

J. G. Nichols, 
Literary Re- 
mains of Ed- 
toardVI. (2 vols. 
4to.)(Eoxburghe 
Club, 1857.) 



A number of valuable original letters. 



A Monograph of Edward, bis Journal, 
letters, &c, reprinted and annotated. 
Most valuable and complete. 



INDEX 



Abergavenny, sent to prison for 
striking the Earl of Oxford in 
the presence, 65 ; sat on Somer- 
set's trial, 150 ; at King Ed- 
ward's funeral, 199 ; signed the 
document declaring Jane to be 
Queen, 203 
Adams, Clement, schoolmaster of 
the Henchmen, 69 ; notice of, 
154 ; map engraved by, 141 ; in- 
structed Edward in geography, 
154, 158; wrote the history of 
Chancellor's voyage, 160; death, 
160 n. 
Alasco, John, Polish nobleman and 
Protestant divine invited to Eng- 
land, 127 ; notice of, 128 ; friend 
of Dr. Scory, 136 
Aldrich, Bishop of Carlisle, 136 
Alfred, the King, as a geographer, 

152 
Ambleteuse lost, 89 
Ampthill, one of Edward's homes, 

with his sister Elizabeth, 6 
Anglican Church, its catholicity, 
129 ; legislation with regard to, 
72; Prayer Book, 72, 111, 126, 
128, 218 ; Act of Uniformity, 72, 
111, 209, 218 ; martyrs, 212 
Anne of Cleves : treatment by 

Henry, 24 
Anne Boleyn, 25, 191 n. See 

Northumberland, Earl of 
Archers of the King's Guard, 175 
Arctic Expedition first described 
by King Alfred, 152 ; first de- 
spatched under Edward VI., 
152 ; details considered, 158 ; 
Sir Hugh Willoughby to com- 



mand, 159 ; its despatch the 
crowning ac't of Edward's geo- 
graphical work, 160 ; reason for 
printing lists of the crews, 160 ; 
lists of the crews, 161-165 ; Sir 
Martin Frobisher's plans, 221, 
222 ; Edward's interest in Arctic 
work, 221 
Aristotle, Ethics, Edward and 
Elizabeth reading with Dr. 
Cheke, 6, 168 

Articles of Keligion, 129, 209 

Arundel, Earl of, 9, 64; an assistant 
to Henry's executors, 39 ; notice 
of, 43 ; Knight of the Garter, 
60; not on the second Council, 
106, 114 ; arrested with Somer- 
set, but released, 146 ; had the 
shooting at Petworth, 180 ; 
signed the document for the 
accession of Jane, 202 

Arundel, Countess of, escorted 
Mary of Guise, 120 

Arundel, Sir Thomas, conspirator 
with Somerset, 145 ; arrested, 146 

Ascham, Roger, taught Edward to 
write, 7 ; found Lady Jane Grey 
reading Plato in Greek, 189 

Ashridge, one of Edward's homes, 
5,6 

Askew, Anne, cruelty perpetrated 
on, 25 ; tortured by Wriothesley, 
43 ; and by Rich, 44 

Astrolabe, King Edward's, 153 

Attainder, Bills of, instead of 
trials, 20 ; resorted to in Sude- 
ley's case, 83 

Aucher, Sir Anthony, adventurer 
in the Levant voyage, 156, 156 n 



234 



KING EDWAED VI 



Auclley, Lord, 65 ; sat on Somer- 
set's trial, 150 

Augmentations, Court of, 26, 39, 
44,68 

Aunger, Sir A., knighted, 62 

Austin Friars' Church given to 
Alasco, 128 

Authorities for the life of Edward 
VI., 227-231 

Aylrner, Dr., tutor to Lady Jane 
Grey, 85 

Babthorpe, Sir William, made a 
K.B., 62 

Baker, Matthew, the shipwright, 
in the Levant voyage, 156 

Baker, Sir John, on the Council, 
Speaker, 39, 71 ; notice of, 47 ; on 
the second council, 115 ; signed 
the document declaring Jane to 
be Queen, 203 

Baltinglas, Viscount, see Eustace 

Bangor, Bishop of, see Bulkeley 

Bannister, of Somerset's house- 
hold, secured for his evidence, 
146 

Barbaro, Josafa, travels translated 
for King Edward, 157, 158 

Barbary voyages, 157 

Barker, Sir Christopher, Garter 
King, arranged the coronation 
procession, 53 ; made a K.B., 62 

Barlow, Dr., Bishop of Bath and 
Wells, 136 

Barnaby, Fitzpatrick, Edward's 
dearest friend : carried a banner 
at the funeral of Henry VIII., 8 ; 
son of the Lord of Upper Ossory, 
not Edward's whipping boy, 
8 n. ; Edward's constant com- 
panion, 58, 141 ; gentleman of 
the Privy Chamber, 69, 118, 
168 ; to go to France with Lord 
Clinton's Embassy, the King's 
arrangements for his welfare, 
178 ; created baron of Upper 
Ossory, the King's affection, 
179 ; the King's letter to him, 
from Christchurch, 181 ; King 
Edward longs for his return, 
182 ; testimonial from Henry II. 
of France, 183; list of letters 



from King Edward to, 183, 184, 
223, 230 ; attended Edward in 
his last illness, 193, 195 ; pro- 
tected by the Earl of Ormonde, 
214 ; subsequent career, 222 ; 
knighted by Sydney, wife and 
child, 222 ; death, 223 ; pedigree, 
226. See Fitzpatrick 

Barne, Sir George, Lord Mayor, 
68, 135 n. ; signed the document 
declaring Jane to be Queen, 204 

Barneston, Sir — , knighted, 62 

Basing, Paulet, Lord St. John of, 
see Paulet. Eldest son of the 
Marquis of Winchester, later 
called Earl of Wiltshire. See 
Winchester, Marquis of 

Basing, seat of the Marquis of 
Winchester, King Edward at, 
182 

Bath and Wells, Bishop of. See 
Barlow, Bourne 

Bath, Earl of, 9, 64 ; sat on Somer- 
set's trial, 150 ; at King Ed- 
ward's funeral, 199 

Bath, Knights of the, made by 
Edward VI., 61 

Baynes, Mary's Bishop of Lich- 
field, burnt many victims, 217 

Beauchamp of Hache, Viscount. 
See Seymour, Edward 

Beauchamps, Earls of Warwick, 
Dudley's descent from, 52, 97, 
102 

Beaulieu Abbey, King Edward at, 
181 

Bedford, Earl of. See Bussell, 
John 

Bedford, Countess of, 120 

Bedingfield, Sir Henry, sent against 
the Norfolk insurgents, 88 

Bell, Sir Thomas, knighted, 62 

Belmaine, Jean, taught Edward 
French, 7 

Bembridge, French fleet at, 100, 
101, 102 

Benson, Dr., Dean of Westminster, 
at the coronation, 56 

Berkeley, Lord, a minor, 65 ; at King 
Edward's funeral, 199 

Berkeley, Lord, married the heiress 
of Lisle, 97 



INDEX 



235 



Berkeley, Sir Maurice, Gentleman 
of the Chamber, 59 ; signed the 
document making Jane Queen, 
204 

Berteville, Sieur de, hired to com- 
mit the murders in Somerset's 
plot, 148 ; his narrative of the 
battle of Musselburgh, 147 n. 

Bertie, Lady Georgina, her English 
version of Mr. Bertie's lines, 124 

Bertie, Mr., husband of the Duch- 
ess of Suffolk, 124, 213, 220 ; 
lines on the death of her son, 124 

Berwick, Dudley at, 71 ; works at, 
strengthened, 112 

Bible, printed with restrictions for 
its use, 28 ; Tunstall, an editor of, 
46 ; restrictions removed, 72 ; edi- 
tions published by Grafton, 126 

Bird, Dr., Bishop of Chester, 136 

Bishops, King Edward's, 136 

Bishops, Mary's, 217 

Blewit, Sir Boger, knighted, 62 

Blount, Sir Richard, Gentleman of 
the Chamber, 59 ; signed the 
document making Jane Queen, 
204 

Boleyn, see Anne 

Bona Confidentia, Arctic ship, 163 

Bona Esperanza, Arctic ship, 159, 
161 ; list of the crew, 161 

Bonner, Bishop of London, cruel- 
ties, 28, 217 ; sent to the Mar- 
shalsea, 111 ; Bidley's kindness 
to his old mother, 111 

Borough, Lord, 66 ; sat on Somer- 
set's trial, 151 ; at King Ed- 
ward's funeral, 199 ; first hus- 
band of Catherine Parr, 5. See 
Burgh 

Boucher, Jane, King Edward op- 
posed to her execution, 132 

Boulogne, Edward Seymour's ser- 
vice at, 35 ; forts lost, 89 ; treaty, 
96 ; John Dudley in command 
at, 99 ; restored to France, 109 

Bourchier, Earl of Bath, see Bath 

Bourne, Dr., Bishop of Bath and 
Wells, 217 

Bowes, Sir Martin, Mint Master, 68 

Bowes, Sir Robert, on the Council, 
107, 116 



Bradgate, home of Lady Jane 
Grey, 77, 85, 189 ; John Haring- 
ton sent to, 78 

Bradshaw, Chief Baron, 68 ; signed 
the document making Jane 
Queen, 204 

Brandon, C, Duke of Suffolk, god- 
father to Edward, 3 ; knighted 
Seymour, 33 ; and Dudley, 98 

Brandon, Eleanor, see Cumber- 
land, Countess of ; Frances, 
see Dorset, Suffolk, 64 ; chief 
mourner at funeral of Jane Sey- 
mour, 4 

Brandon, Henry (Duke of Suffolk) 
and Charles, King Edward's com- 
2)anions, 9 ; made Knights of 
the Bath at the Coronation, 53, 
61 ; their illness and death, 123- 
124 ; lines to their memory, 124. 
See Suffolk, Duchess of 

Bray, Lord, 66 ; sat on Somerset's 
trial, 150 ; challenger at sports, 
175 ; signed the document de- 
claring Jane Queen, 203 

Brereton, Sir Urien, knighted, 62 

Bridewell, grant of, by King 
Edward, 135 

Bristol, Bishop of, see Bush, 
Holyman 

Brochet, Sir George, knighted, 62 

Bromley, Sir J., judge ; one of 
Henry's executors, 38, 47 ; on 
the Council, 114 ; his injustice 
at the trial of Sir Nicholas 
Throgmorton, 214 

Brooks, Mary's Bishop of Glou- 
cester, 217 

Browne, Sir Anthony, Master of 
the Horse, one of Henry's 
executors, 38 ; notice of, 45 ; his 
seat at Cowdray, 45, 119, 180 ; 
in the plot to make Somerset 
Protector, 49 ; announced his 
accession to Edward VI., 50 ; 
Knight of the Garter, 60 ; made 
K.B., 61 ; on the Council, 115 ; 
challenger at sports, 175, 176, 
177 ; King Edward at his house 
at Cowdray, 180; signed the 
document declaring Jane Queen, 
204. Sec Font 



23G 



KING EDWAKD VI 



Brudenell, Sir T., made K.B. at 
the Coronation, 62 

Bryan, Sir F., Master of the Hench- 
men at Henry's funeral, 8 ; 
Thomas Seymour served under, 
37. See Font 

Bucer, Martin, friend of the 
Duchess of Suffolk and the 
young Brandons, 122, 123 ; in- 
vited to England, Professor of 
Divinity at Cambridge, 127 

Buchatel, French Ambassador, 110 

Buckingham, Duke of, put to death 
by Henry VIII., 19 

Bugden, house of the Bishop of 
Lincoln, deaths of the young 
Brandons at, 123, 124 

Bulkeley, Dr., Bishop of Bangor, 
136 

Burgh, Lord, see Borough 

Burnet, History of the Reformation, 
an authority, 229 

Burning under the Six Articles Act, 
28 ; during the Marian terror, 
212 

Bush, Dr., Bishop of Bristol, 136 

Butler, Sir John, knighted, 62 



Cabot, Sebastian, instructed Ed- 
ward in compass variation, 153 

Calais, repairs at, 112 ; lost by 
Mary, 216 

Calthorp, Sir Philip, knighted, 62 

Cambridge, Dr. Cheke, Greek Pro- 
fessor at, 6 ; Provost of King's, 
6; Sir T. Smith, Fellow of 
Queens', 48; Bucer, Professor of 
Divinity, 127 ; bequest of King 
Edward to St. John's, 196 ; 
Clement Adams at King's, 154 

Campaigne, Bartholomew, King 
Edward's financial agent, 179 

Canterbury, Archbishop of, see 
Cranmer 

Capon (alias Salcot), Mary's Bishop 
of Salisbury, guilty of burning 
several victims, 136, 217 

Cardanus, Jerome, conversation 
with King Edward about comets, 
154 

Carews, serving in the navy, 100 



Carew, Sir A., see Font 

Carew, Sir George, in command 
of the Mary Rose, 101 

Carew, Sir Peter, in command of 
the first line of Lord Lisle's 
fleet, 100 ; rose in Devonshire 
against the Spanish marriage, 
210, 215 

Carlisle, Bishop of, see Aldrich, 
Oglethorpe 

Carthusians, execution of, 26 

Cary, Mr., challenger at sports, 
175, 176 

Cary, Sir John, knighted, 62 

Castletown, Lord, possessor of 
KingEdward's letters to Barnaby, 
183, 223, 230; of portrait of 
King Edward, 202 

Catechism approved by King 
Edward, 133 

Cathay, route to, considered by 
Edward and Sydney, 158 

Catherine of Aragon, 26 n., 122 

Catherine Howard, Paget sent to 
France to explain death of, 41 

Catherine Parr, Queen, account of, 
kindness to Edward when a 
child, 5 ; Edward's letters to, 7 ; 
sister married Sir W. Herbert, 
41 ; treatment by Somerset and 
his Duchess, 76 ; married to 
Lord Seymour of Sudeley, 37, 59, 
76 ; her death, Jane Grey chief 
mourner, 78 ; fate of her infant 
child, 85 

Cavendish, Sir William, Treasurer 
of the Household, 69 ; his ac- 
counts, 143 ; signed the docu- 
ment declaring Jane Queen, 204 

Cecil, Robert, Yeoman of the Robes, 
69 

Cecil, Sir William, notice, 90 n. ; 
with Somerset at Hampton 
Court, 90 ; provided for his own 
safety, 93 ; Secretary of State, 
116; on the Council and knighted, 
107, 116 ; letter of the Duchess 
of Suffolk to, on the death of her 
sons, 124 ; note on Council pro- 
cedure, 143 ; letter to Barnaby, 
183 ; signed the document 
declaring Jane Queen, 204 ; 



INDEX 



237 



escaped by compliance during 
the Marian terror, 215 ; Eliza- 
beth's famous minister, 221 

Chaderton, Master Gunner at 
Portsmouth, 181 

Chambre, Dr., Bishop of Peter- 
borough, 136 

Chancellor, Eichard, in the Levant 
voyage, 156 ; Sydney's servant, 
second-in-command of the Arctic 
Expedition, 159, 162. See Adams 

Chancellors, 51, 52, 68-69, 107, 
203 

Chantries appropriated, 112 

Charles V., threatening attitude, 
112, 209 

Chastillon, French Ambassador, 
110, 119 

Cheke, Dr., Edward's tutor, account 
of, 6 ; Gentleman of the Privy 
Chamber, 69, 137; knighted, 
107, 118; instructed Edward in 
geography, designed a quadrant 
for him, 152 ; had charge of the 
Leland MSS., 155 ; his illness, 
advice to the King, 168; recovery, 
169 ; attended Edward in his 
last illness, 193 ; signed the 
document declaring Jane Queen, 
204 ; escaped abroad, 213 ; 
kidnapped, persecution, and 
death, 213, 214; his son knighted 
and advanced by Elizabeth, 220; 
life of, by Strype, 230 

Chenies acquired by the Earl of 
Bedford, 42 ; a copy of the Cabot 
map at, 154 n. 

Chester, Bishop of, see Bird, Cotes, 
Scott 

Cheyney, Sir Thomas, Lord Warden 
of the Cinque Ports, one of 
Henry's executors, 39 ; Knight 
of the Garter, 60; on the Council, 
115 ; signed the document de- 
claring Jane Queen, 204 

Chichester, Bishop of, see Day, 
Christopherson, Scory 

Chichester, scions of the family of, 
serving in the navy, 100 

Cholmley, Sir Koger, Chief Justice, 
68 ; signed the document declar- 
ing Jane Queen, 204 



Christ Church, see Oxford 

Christchurch, Hants, King Edward 
at, 181 

Christ's Hospital, 135, 201 

Christopherson, Bishop of Chiches- 
ter, his cruelties, 217 

Churches, pillage of, 73, 74, 111, 
112 

Cleves, Anne, see Anne of Cleves 

Clifford, Lady Margaret, Countess 
of Derby, 64. See Cumberland, 
Earl of 

Clinton, Lord, Knight of the 
Garter, 60, 65 ; Lord Admiral, 
112 ; on the Council, 106, 115 ; 
his entertainments to the King 
at Deptford, 172. 175, 177 ; em- 
bassy to Paris, to present Barnaby 
to Henry II., 178 ; signed the 
document declaring Jane Queen, 
203 

Cobham, Lord, Knight of the 
Garter, 60 ; had eight sons by the 
daughter of Lord Bray, 65 ; on 
the Council, 106, 115 ; sat on 
Somerset's trial, 150 ; at King 
Edward's funeral, 199 ; signed 
the document declaring Jane 
Queen, 203 ; sons saved by 
Paget, 212 

Cobham, Sir William, challenger 
at Edward's sports, 176 

Cobham, Thomas, in the sports, 176 

Cooke,Sir Anthony,Edward's Direc- 
tor of Instruction, 6 ; made K.B. 
at the Coronation, 61 

Cornwallis, Sir John, Steward of 
Edward, his death, 5 

Cornwallis, Sir John, taken prisoner 
by the Norfolk rebels, 88 

Coronation of Edward VI., proces- 
sion, 53 ; ceremony, 54-57 

Cotes, G., Bishop of Chester, 217 

Cotton, Sir B., knighted, 62 ; Con- 
troller, 69 ; guests at his house, 
119, 180 ; signed the document 
declaring Jane Queen, 204 

Council, Henry's executors form 
themselves into, 51 ; treatment 
by Somerset, 70; Protector's 
party draw up charges against 
Sudeley, 80 ; import foreign 



238 



KING EDWAED VI 



troops, 88 ; demand Somerset's 
resignation, 91; signatures to 
letters sent to Windsor, 92 n. ; 
their kind treatment of the fallen 
Protector, 94 ; resumes its legal 
position, 106 ; retirements and 
new members, 106 ; their gen- 
darmerie, 114 ; list of the new 
Council, 114, 116; their robbery 
of Church property, 125 ; un- 
easiness at the King's activity, 
139 ; minutes supplied to the 
King, 139 ; procedure, 143, 144 ; 
Somerset's plot against, 145- 
148 ; resolve to alter the succes- 
sion, 192, 193 ; unanimously 
proclaim Jane, 205 ; shameful 
treatment of Jane, 210 

Courtenay, Lord, in the Tower, 16 

Courtenay,Mr.,challenger at sports, 
175, 176, 177 

Covent Garden, see Eussell 

Coverdale, Dr., Bishop of Exeter, 
136 

Cowdray, seat of Sir Anthony 
Browne, 45 ; Mary of Guise re- 
ceived at, 119 ; King Edward at, 
180 ; built by Fitzwilliam, Earl 
of Southampton, 180 

Cox, Dr. Richard, Dean of Christ 
Church, notice of, 6 ; tutor to 
Edward VI.; Dean of West- 
minster, 133, 137 ; escaped 
abroad, 213 ; made Bishop of 
Ely by Elizabeth, 220 

Crane and his wife, of Somerset's 
Household, arrested, 146 ; con- 
fession, 146 

Cranmer, Dr., Archbishop of Can- 
terbury, 136 ; Godfather to 
Edward VI., 3 ; Edward's letters 
to, 7 ; pronounced the divorce, 
25, 26 ; one of Henry's executors, 
38 ; character, 46 ; his valuable 
labours, 46 ; crowned King 
Edward VI., 54-57 ; with Somer- 
set at Hampton Court and 
Windsor, 89, 92 ; on the Council, 
70, 114 ; his great services to the 
Church, 126 ; invited foreign 
divines to come to England, 127 ; 
revision of the Prayer Book, 128 ; 



Liturgy due to, 129 ; performed 
the funeral service at the burial 
of King Edward, 200 ; signed the 
document declaring Jane Queen, 
203 ; martyrdom, 212, 213 ; life 
by Strype, 230 

Croft, Sir James, Lord Deputy of 
Ireland, 68 

Cromwell, Gregory, Lord, married 
to King Edward's aunt, 10, 14, 
34; made K.B. at the coronation, 
61 ; death, 66 

Cromwell, Henry, Lord, King 
Edward's cousin, 15 ; sat on 
Somerset's trial, 151 

Cromwell, Thomas, Earl of Essex, 
his ability and powers of work, 
23 ; treatment by Henry, 24 ; Sir 
Ralph Sadleir in Household of, 45 

Cumberland, Earl of, 64 

Cumberland, Countess of, King 
Edward's cousin, 11, 15, 120, 121, 
167 

Currency, debased by Henry VIII. , 
30 ; disastrous consequences, 
113, 116 ; question studied by 
King Edward, 140 ; Rucling on, 
142 ; Edward's money, 116 

Cutts, Sir John, taken prisoner by 
the Norfolk rebels, 88 



Dacee of Gillesland, Lord, 65 ; 
against the marriage of priests, 
72 ; arrested with Somerset, but 
released, 146 

Darcy of Chich, Lord, Knight of 
the Garter, 61 ; chamberlain, 67, 
171 ; on the Council, 106, 115 ; 
created, 107 ; about the King, 
118 ; sat on Somerset's trial, 
151 ; signed the document de- 
claring Jane Queen, 203 

D'Aunebault, French Admiral, 
retreat to Havre, 102 

Day, Dr., Bishop of Chichester, 
imprisoned, King Edward inter- 
ceded for him, 111, 168, 169; 
preached King Edward's funeral 
sermon, 200 

De la Warr, Lord, Knight of the 
Garter, 60, 65 



INDEX 



239 



Denis, Sir Maurice, knighted, 62 

Denny, Sir A., in attendance on 
Henry VIII., witnessed his will, 
36 ; one of Henry's executors, 
39 ; notice of, 42 ; at Edward's 
coronation, 56 ; sent against 
Norfolk rebels, 88 ; retired from 
the Council, 106 

Deptford, Lord Clinton's entertain- 
ments to the King at, 172, 175, 
177 ; launch of two King's ships 
at, 175 

Derby, Earl of, 9 ; Knight of the 
Garter, 60, 64 ; sat on Somerset's 
trial, 150 

Derby, Countess of (Lady Margaret 
Clifford), 64 

Dethick, Sir Gilbert, Garter King of 
Arms, 53 n. ; went against Nor- 
folk rebels, 88 ; book on pilotage 
possessed by, 155; arranged 
King Edward's funeral, 198 

Devereux, see Ferrers of Chartley, 
Lord, Hereford Viscount 

Devonshire, insurrection, 88 ; 
rising against the Spanish mar- 
riage, 210 ; commanders from 
the West country in the fleet, 100; 
gentlemen of, fled into France 
during the Marian terror, 215 

Digby, Mr. Anthony, challenger at 
sports, 175, 176, 177 

Dixon, Canon, estimate of Dudley's 
character, 103 

Dormer, Jane, Duchess of Feria, 
playmate of Edward, 10 

Dorset, Marquis of, 64 ; married to 
Henry's niece, not included in 
list of executors, 49 ; Knight of 
the Garter, 60 ; gives the ward- 
ship of his daughter Jane to Lord 
Sudeley, 77 ; questioned respect- 
ing Lord Sudeley's designs, 79 ; 
on the Council, 106 ; made Duke 
of Suffolk, see Suffolk 

Dorset, Marchioness of, Frances, 
King Edward's cousin, 11, 15, 
120. See Suffolk, Duchess of 

Doyley, Sir Harry, knighted, 62 

Drury, Sir — , knighted, 62 

Drury, Mr., challenger at sports, 
175, 176 



Dudley Castle, 96 

Dudley, Lords, some account of, 
65,96 

Dudley, Ambrose, 103 ; with his 
father in Norfolk, 89 ; sentenced 
to death, saved by Paget, 212 ; 
challenger at sports, 175, 176, 
177 ; Earl of Warwick, 219 ; 
wives, 104, 189 ; applied to by 
Frobisher, 222 

Dudley, Sir Andrew, Knight of the 
Garter, 61 

Dudley, Sir Edmund, notice of, 96 ; 
unjust execution, 21, 22 ; mar- 
riage, 97 

Dudley, Guilford, 103, 105, 210, 219 

Dudley, Henry, slain at Boulogne, 
103 

Dudley, John, Viscount Lisle, Earl 
of Warwick, 52, 102; Duke of 
Northumberland, 67, 107 ; Lord 
High Admiral, 99 ; Knight of 
the Garter, 60 ; his services at 
the battle of Musselburgh, 70 ; 
left at Berwick to negotiate, 71 ; 
quelled the Norfolk insurrection, 
88, 89 ; the Council assemble at 
his house, 89, 90 ; his letters to 
Edward's sisters, 92 ; explains 
the course taken by the Council 
to the King, 93 ; marriage of his 
son with Anne Seymour, 94 ; too 
severely judged by historians, 
95, 103 ; some account of his 
ancestry, 96 ; name from Dudley 
Castle, originally Sutton, 96 ; ma- 
ternal ancestry, 97 ; befriended 
by his guardian Sir Edward 
Guilford, 98 ; his early career, 
98 ; created Viscount Lisle, 99 ; 
Henry's high opinion of his 
capacity, Lord High Admiral, 
war services, 99 ; tactics in com- 
mand of the fleet, 99-101 ; his 
challenge to the French fleet, 

102 ; marriage and children, 

103 ; estimate of his character, 

104 ; made Duke of Northumber- 
land, 67, 107 ; ablest man on 
the Council, 108 ; Protestant 
policy, 110 ; never anticipated 
Edward's death, 111 ; measures 



240 



KING EDWAED VI 



for strengthening the navy, 112; 
wise treatment of the King, 118 ; 
reception of Mary of Guise, 121 ; 
sat on Somerset's trial, 151 ; 
in the northern marches, 180 ; 
hopeful of Edward's recovery, 
187 ; scheme to alter the suc- 
cession, 188 ; fatal mistake in 
marrying Jane to his son, 189 ; 
signed the document declaring 
Jane Queen, 202 ; failure of his 
plan, 206, 207 ; beheaded, 208 ; a 
good word for his memory, 208 

Dudley, John, eldest son, called 
Earl of Warwick, Master of the 
Horse, 69, 171 ; with his father 
in Norfolk, 88, 89 ; marriage with 
Anne Seymour, 94, 171, 189 ; in 
a match at tilt, 177 ; signed the 
document declaring Jane Queen, 
203 ; his character, death, 104 

Dudley, Robert, chief carver, 69, 
171 ; with his father in Norfolk, 
89 ; married to Amy Robsart, 
104, 172, 189 ; challenger at 
sports, 175, 177 ; condemned to 
death, 105 ; saved by Paget, 212 ; 
created Earl of Leicester, 219 

Dunboyne, Lord, married Barnaby's 
daughter, 223 

Durham, Bishop of, see Tunstall 

Durham House, French Ambas- 
sadors lodged at, 110 ; Jane 
Grey married at, 189 

Dyer, Sir Thomas, knighted, 62 ; 
Speaker and signed the docu- 
ment declaring Jane Queen, 204 

Dymoke, Sir R., the champion, 58 



Ecclesiastical law, Committee to 

codify, 134 
Edwards, Kings of England, 13 
Edward VI. compared to Henry 
Stuart, 1 ; not precocious in a de- 
preciatory sense, 2 ; his infancy, 
christening, 3 ; of legitimate 
royal descent, 3, 14 ; his beauty, 
5 ; visits to Catherine Parr, 5 ; 
first household, 5 ; homes as a 
boy, 6 ; tutors and studies, 6, 7 ; 
instruction in music, 7 ; letters 



when a child, 7, 11 ; companions, 
friendship for Barnaby, 8, 9 ; 
fondness for games and amuse- 
ments, 10 ; playing at cards with 
Jane Dormer, 10 ; relations, 10, 
11, 14, 15 ; described by Master 
Thomas, 11 ; Latin compositions, 
12 ; inheritance, 17 ; accession, 
50 ; proclaimed, received hom- 
age of Council, 50 ; creation of 
knights, 53 ; coronation, 54-57 ; 
treatment by Somerset and his 
Duchess, 59, 60 ; seize quartiers, 
63 ; correspondence with his 
uncle Sudeley, 79, 83 ; his feel- 
ings on the execution of his 
uncle, 85 ; forced by Somerset to 
ride to Windsor, 91 ; reception 
of the Council on Somerset's 
arrest, 93 ; received the Order of 
St. Michael, 110, 119 ; study of 
fortification, 112, 155 ; currency, 
116, 140, 143; changed position 
after the fall of Somerset, 117 ; 
reception of the French Ambas- 
sadors, 119 ; reception of Mary 
of Guise, 120-122 ; deaths of his 
Brandon friends, 123, 124 ; re- 
ligious education, 125 ; interest 
in the work of Cranmer, writings 
on religious subjects, 12, 129 ; 
Lenten sermons preached before 
him, 129-132; hatred of persecu- 
tion, 132 ; short catechism, 133 ; 
revision of the Statutes of the 
Garter, 133, 134 ; promoted edu- 
cation, grant of Bridewell, 135 ; 
study of statecraft, 137 ; his 
Journal, 137, 138, 227 ; his diplo- 
matists, 138 ; political instruc- 
tion from Master Thomas, 139 ; 
Council minutes supplied to 
him, 139 ; inquiries into the 
state of the country, 140 ; in- 
vestigations into the state of the 
coinage, 140, 142 ; retrenchment 
in household expenditure, 140, 
141 ; procedure of the Council, 
140, 144 ; library and study, 141 ; 
writing-desk, 142; division of his 
time, 142 ; his documents enu- 
merated by Burnet and Strype, 



INDEX 



241 



143, 227 ; conduct as regards 
Somerset's execution, 149, 150 ; 
instruction in geography, 153, 
154 ; his quadrant and astrolabe, 
152, 153 n. ; instruction in com- 
pass variation, 153 ; conversation 
with Cardanus, 154 ; study of 
pilotage, 155, 156 ; promoted 
voyages to the Levant, 156 ; 
Morocco and Guinea voyages, 
157 ; travels of Barbaro trans- 
lated for, 157, 158 ; considered a 
route to Cathay by N.E., 158 ; 
Arctic ship named after him, 
159 ; letters missive to Arctic 
potentates, 159 ; saw the Arctic 
Expedition sail, 159 ; his crown- 
ing geographical work, 160 ; 
visits from sister Mary, 166 ; 
presents Hunsdon Manor to 
Mary, 167 ; visits from Eliza- 
beth, Jane Grey, 167 ; anxiety 
during Dr. Cheke's illness, 168 ; 
his prayer for Cheke's recovery 
answered, 169 ; captain of games 
and sports, 171-177 ; entertain- 
ments at Deptford, 172, 175, 
177; wins at prisoner's base and 
rovers, 173, 174 ; instructions to 
Barnaby, 178 ; recovery from 
illness, 179 ; progress, 180-182 ; 
devising improvements at Ports- 
mouth, 181 ; letter to Barnaby 
from Christchurch, 181 ; last 
entry in his Journal, 182 ; list 
of his letters to Barnaby, 183 ; 
movements, 184, 185 ; work of 
his reign, 186 ; last illness, 187 ; 
alters the succession, 190-192 ; 
surrounded by friends, 193, 195 ; 
last prayer, 194 ; will, 195, 196 ; 
literary remains saved, 197 ; 
death, 195 ; funeral, 197-200 ; 
portraits, 201, 202 ; his good 
work, 205 ; wishes carried out 
by Elizabeth, 218, 219 ; kindness 
of Elizabeth to his friends, 220, 
221 ; authorities for his life, 227- 
231 

Edward Bonaventure Arctic ship, 
159 ; list of crew, 162 

Elizabeth, Princess, at Edward's 



christening, 3 ; kindness of 
Catherine Parr to, 5 ; studies 
with her brother Edward, 6 ; 
letters from Edward, 7, 51 ; Ed- 
ward's chosen companion, 10 ; 
in the succession, 25, 31 ; with 
Edward when accession an- 
nounced, 50 ; living with Cathe- 
rine Parr, 59, 76 ; romped with 
Lord Sudeley, 77 ; questioned 
about Sudeley, 79 ; visit to the 
King, present of a diamond from 
Pickering, 167 ; passed over in 
altering the succession, 191 ; 
great danger during the Marian 
terror, 211, 215 ; accession, 218 ; 
restored her brother's legislation 
and carried out his wishes, 218, 
219, 224 ; kindness to Edward's 
friends, 220, 221 

Ellis's original letters, 227 

Ely Place, Council assemble at, 89, 
90 

Ely, Bishop of, Dr. Goodrich, 
136 ; Chancellor, 107 ; orator 
with Embassy to France, 110 ; 
on the Council, 114 ; signed the 
document declaring Jane Queen, 
203 ; Thirlby translated to, 217 ; 
Cox made Bishop by Queen 
Elizabeth, 220 

Enclosures, Question of, 29 ; Lati- 
mer on, 30-31 ; Somerset's treat 
ment of, 74 ; bills introduced 
by Hales, 74, 75 ; insurrections, 
87-89 

Enfield, Edward and Elizabeth 
taken to, on the day of Edward's 
accession, 50 

Essex, Earl of, title used by Lord 
Parr of Kendal, 42 

Eton, Dr. Cox, head master, 6 ; 
Clement Adams at, 154 

Eure or Ewer, Lord, slain in Scot- 
land, 35, 66 ; sat on Somerset's 
trial, 151 

Eustace, Jane (d. of Lord Balt- 
inglas), wife of Barnaby, 222 

Executors of Henry VIII. 's Will, 
list, 38 ; notices of, 40-48 ; do 
homage to Edward VI., and 
become his first Council, 51 



B 



242 



KING EDWAED VI 



Exeter, Bishop of, see Coverdale, 

Turberville, Voysey 
Exeter, Marchioness of, carried 

Edward at his christening, 3 

Ferear, Dr., Bp. of St. Davids, 217 

Filmer, martyr under the Six 
Articles Act, 28 

Fisher, Bishop, execution, 26 

Fitzalan, see Arundel, Maltravers 

Fitzgerald, Lord, signed the docu- 
ment declaring Jane Queen, 203 

Fitzherbert, Sir Thomas, knighted, 
62 

Fitzpatrick, see Barnaby 

Fitzpatrick, Florence, Barnaby's 
brother and successor, 223 

Fitzpatrick, Margaret, Barnaby's 
daughter, 223 

Fitzwalter, Lord, son of the Earl 
of Sussex, companion of Ed- 
ward, 9 ; challenger at sports, 
175, 176, 177 ; signed the docu- 
ment declaring Jane Queen, 203 

Fitzwarine, Lord, son of the Earl 
of Bath, companion of Edward, 
9 ; challenger at sports, 175, 
176 ; signed the document de- 
claring Jane Queen, 203 

Fitzwilliam, see Southampton 

Font at Edward's christening, held 
by Sir A. Browne, Sir A. Carew, 
Sir F. Bryan, and Sir J. Russell, 3 

Forrest, Sir William, presents the 
King with his book, 144 

Fowler, John, Edward's servant, 
took messages to Lord Sudeley, 
78 

Foxe, ' Book of Martyrs,' an au- 
thority, 230 

France (sec Henry II.), Somerset's 
war with, 89; peace, 109, 110, 
111 ; broken by Mary, 216 

Frances, see Dorset, Suffolk 

French Ambassadors, 110 ; enter- 
tained by King Edward, 119 

French fleet at Bembridge, 101, 102 

Frobisher, Sir Martin, 222 

Fuller, ' Church History ' and 
' Worthies,' materials for the 
life of Edward VI, 229 

Funeral of Edward VI. 197-200 



Gage, Sir Henry, Gentleman of 
the Chamber in Somerset's time, 
59 ; signed the document de- 
claring Jane Queen, 204 

Gage, Sir John, Controller, one of 
the assistants to Henry's exe- 
cutors, 39 ; notice of, 45 ; 
Knight of the Garter, 60 ; on 
the Council, 115 

Gale, Sir G., mint master at York, 
68 

Games, see Sports 

Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester, 
on Henry's Council, but not in- 
cluded in the list of executors, 
48 ; sent to the Tower, 111 ; 
cruelties, 217 

Garter, King of Arms, see Barker, 
Dethick ; Knights of the, in 
Edward's time, 60, 61 ; sent to 
Henry II. of France, 110 ; re- 
vision of Statutes, 133, 134 n. 

Gates, Sir Henry, challenger at 
sports, 177 

Gates, 'Sir John, made K.B., 61; 
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lan- 
caster, 68 ; sent against the 
Norfolk rebels, 88 ; on the Coun- 
cil, 107, 116 ; signed the docu- 
ment declaring Jane Queen, 
203 ; beheaded, 208 

Gendarmerie (see Council), Somer- 
set's plot to surprise, 146 

Geography, Dr. Cheke gave Ed- 
ward his love for, 7 ; importance 
to a statesman, 152 ; Edward's 
instruction in, 152. See Adams, 
Alfred, Arctic, Astrolabe, Bar- 
baro, Cabot, Guinea, Levant, 
Morocco, Pilotage, Quadrant, 

German Lanzknechts imported by 
the Council, 88 

Gianeti, Guido, Italian geographer 
at Edward's court, 153 

Gillingham, fleet at, 113 

Gloucester, Bishop of, see Hooper, 
Brooks 

Godsalve, Sir John, knighted, 62 

Goodrich, Dr., see Ely, Bishop of 

Gosnold, John, Solicitor-General, 
68 ; signed the document making 
Jane Queen, 204 



INDEX 



243 



Grafton, Eichard, King's printer, 
69 ; his editions of the Bible, 
126 ; dismissed by Mary, 215 

Granado, Jacques, at King Ed- 
ward's sports, 176 

Gravener.Sir Thomas, knighted, 62 

Great Harry, see Harry Grdce d 
Dieu 

Greenwich, one of Edward's homes, 
58 ; Chapters of the Garter held 
at, 133 ; Edward saw the Arctic 
Expedition sail from a window 
at, 159 ; Mary's visit to her 
brother at, 167 ; Edward's sport 
at, 171-177 ; his illness and 
death at, 187-195 

Gresham, Sir Thomas, 219 

Greville, Sir John, 62 

Grey, see Dorset, Suffolk, Kent 

Grey, Sir E., of Groby, married the 
heiress of Lisle, 97 

Grey, Lady Catherine, married to 
Lord Pembroke's son, 189 

Grey, Elizabeth, heiress of Lisle, 
wife of Edmund Dudley and of 
Arthur Plantagenet, Viscount 
Lisle, 97-98 

Grey, Lady Jane, see Jane 

Grey, Sir John, made K.B., 61 

Grey, Lord Thomas, knighted, 62 ; 
signed the document declaring 
Jane Queen, 203; beheaded, 
210 

Grey de Wilton, Lord, 65 ; ser- 
vices at the battle of Mussel- 
burgh, 70 ; sent against the en- 
closure rebels, 87 ; signed the 
document declaring Jane Queen, 
203 

Grey of Powys, Lord, 65 ; with 
Dudley in Norfolk, 89 

Griffin, Morris, Mary's Bishop of 
Rochester, an inhuman perse- 
cutor, 217 

Griffin, Edward, Attorney-General, 
68 ; signed the document declar- 
ing Jane Queen, 204 

Grimthorpe, seat of the Duchess of 
Suffolk, 85, 124, 220 

Guidotti, Antonio, first overtures 
for peace with France made 
through, 109 



Guildford, Mary of Guise received 
at, 120 ; King Edward at, 180 

Guilford, Anne, wife of John 
Dudley, 104 ; death, 208 n. 

Guilford, Sir Edward, guardian of 
John Dudley, 98 

Guilford, Sir Roger, knighted, 62 

Guilford, Sir Thomas, knighted, 62 

Guinea voyage, 157 

Guise, Mary of, Queen Dowager of 
Scotland and Regent, 15 ; recep- 
tion by King Edward, 119 ; great 
banquet, 120, 121 ; her departure, 
121, 122 



Haddington, garrison at, 71 
Hales, John, 74 ; his enclosure 
bills, 74 ; founded a school at 
Coventry, 74, 135; escaped abroad 
during the Marian terror, 214 ; 
re-instated by Elizabeth, 220 
Halnaker, King Edward at, 180 
Hamond, of Somerset's household, 
arrested for his evidence, 146, 
147 
Hampton Court, visits of Edward 
to Catherine Parr at, 5 ; one of 
Edward's homes, 58 ; Protector 
Somerset at, 89; French am- 
bassadors entertained at, 119; 
Mary of Guise at, 120; King 
Edward at, 119, 120, 180, 182 
Hanmer, Sir Thomas, knighted, 

62 
Harington, John, married Henry's 
illegitimate daughter, 21 ; friend 
of Lord Seymour of Sudeley, 77 ; 
sent to Bradgate about the 
wardship of Lady Jane Grey, 78 ; 
lines on Lord Sudeley by, 86 ; 
in prison during the Marian 
terror, 214 
Harley, Dr., Bishop of Hereford, 

136 
Harper, Sir George, knighted, 62 
Harry Grdce a Dieu, Lord Lisle's 

flagship, 99 ; burnt, 208 
Hastings, see Huntingdon, Earl of 
Hatfield, one of Edward's homes, 6 
Havering-atte-Bower, part of Ed- 
ward's infancy passed at, 4 

E 2 



24 i 



KING EDWAED VI 



Hayward, 'Life of Edward VI.,' 
notice, 230 

Heath, Dr., Bishop of Worcester, 
136 ; Mary's Archbishop of York, 
217 

Henry Stuart, Prince of Wales, 1, 2 

Henry of Bolingbroke, usurpation, 
18 

Henry VII., see Tudor usurpation, 
18, 19, 21, 22, 96 

Henry VIII., married Catherine 
Parr, 5 ; letter of Edward to, 7 ; 
his execution of six descendants 
of the old royal family, 19 ; 
his packed parliaments, pro- 
clamations with force of law, 
Treason laws and executions by 
Act of Attainder, 20 ; settlement 
of the succession by Will, 20 ; 
learning, 20 ; administrative 
ability, 21; merciless and un- 
grateful, 22, 23 ; treatment of 
women, 24,25; executions, 25, 26 ; 
bastardised both his daughters, 
26 ; ingratitude to faithful 
ministers, 22, 23 ; wholesale 
robbery of State property, 27 ; 
treatment of vagrancy, 27 ; reli- 
gious persecution, 27, 28 ; debts, 
30 ; debased the currency, 30 ; 
definition of a tyrant, 32 ; con- 
tents of his Will, 31, 36; at 
Portsmouth, 100, 101; high 
opinion of Dudley's ability, 99 

Henry II. of France, Knight of the 
Garter, 61 ; notice of, 109 n. ; 
campaign with the Emperor, 
179 ; gives Barnaby a testimonial, 
183 ; refusal to give up refugees 
to Mary, 215 

Herbert, Sir William, Earl of Pem- 
broke, in attendance on Henry 
VIII. and witnessed his Will, 36 ; 
notice of, 41 ; at Edward's coro- 
nation, 56; Knight of the Garter, 
61 ; sent against the enclosure 
rebels, 87 ; on his way from 
Devonshire, 91, 92 ; created Earl 
of Pembroke, 107 ; supported 
Dudley in the Council, 108, 115; 
received Mary of Guise, 121 ; 
sat on Somerset's trial, 151 ; 



King Edward at his house at 

Wilton, 182 ; supported Dudley 

in altering the succession, 188 ; 

at King Edward's funeral, 199 ; 

signed the document declaring 

Jane Queen, 203 ; treacherous 

conduct to Dudley, 206 
Hereford, Bishop of, see Harley, 

Parfoy 
Hereford, Viscount, Lord Ferrers 

of Chartley, 65, 107; on the 

Council, 106, 115 
Hertford, one of Edward's homes, 

6 ; his accession announced at, 

50 
Hertford, Earl of, see Seymour, 

Edward, Somerset Protector 
Hertford, Countess of, see Somerset, 

Duchess of 
Heveningham, Sir Anthony, 

knighted, 62 
Hoby, Sir Philip, Gentleman of the 

Privy Chamber, 69, 170 ; sent by 

the Council with letters to Wind- 
sor, 92; on the Council, 107, 115; 

diplomatist, 138 
Holbein, portrait of Nurse Jackson, 

4 ; portraits of Edward VI., 201 
Holgate, Dr., Archbishop of York, 

136 
Hollers, Sir Thomas and Sir 

William, knighted, 62 
Holies, Sir James, of Notts, made 

K.B., 62 
Holt, Manor of, in Cheshire, granted 

to T. Seymour, 37, 52, 81 
Holyman, Mary's Bishop of Bristol, 

inhuman persecutor, 217 
Hooper, Dr., Bishop of Gloucester, 

Marian martyr, 136 
Hopton, Mary's Chaplain, made 

Bishop of Norwich by her, 

cruelties, 217 
Hopton, Mr. Bobert, challenger at 

Edward's sports, 176 
Horsey, Sir John, knighted, 62, 63 
Household, officers of the, 69 ; re- 
trenchments, 140, 143 
Howard, see Norfolk, Duke of 
Howard of Effingham, Lord, 211 
Howard, Lord Thomas, companion 

of Edward, 9 



INDEX 



245 



Howard, Sir George, Master of 
the Henchmen and Standard 
Bearer, 69 ; challenger at the 
sports, 175 

Hungerford, Mr., challenger at 
Edward's sports, 176 

Hunsdon, part of Edward's early 
years passed at, 4, 6, 11 ; pre- 
sented by Edward to his sister 
Mary, 167 

Huntingdon, Earl of, Knight of 
the Garter, 60 ; K.B., 61, 64 ; on 
the Council, 106, 115 ; sat on 
Somerset's trial, 150 ; signed the 
document declaring Jane Queen, 
203 

Huntingdon, Countess of, 103, 120 

Hyde Park, coursing in, 119 

Inglefield, Sir Francis, knighted, 
63 ; Mary's steward, 72, 209 

Inheritance of Edward VI., from 
his predecessor, unjust treason 
laws, 20 ; death by Bills of 
Attainder, 20 ; proclamations 
with force of law, 20 ; neglect 
of provision for destitute, 27 ; 
persecution, 28 ; neglect of 
question of enclosures, 29 ; debts, 
30 ; coinage debased, 30 ; a body 
of second - rate unprincipled 
politicians, 31, 40 

Italian cavalry imported by the 
Council, 88 

Jackson, Mrs., Nurse to Edward, 
3 ; portrait by Holbein, 4 

Jane, Lady (Grey) and Queen, 
King Edward's cousin, Edward's 
intimacy with her, 11, 167; chosen 
by Edward's uncle Thomas for 
his future Queen, 77 ; Ward of 
the Queen Dowager and Sudeley, 
77 ; chief mourner at the Queen 
Dowager's funeral, 78 ; return 
to Bradgate, 85 ; at the recep- 
tion of Mary of Guise, 167 ; 
succession altered in her favour, 
188 ; qualifications as Queen, 
189 ; married to Guilford Dudley, 
189 ; the Council and notables of 



the realm proclaimed her, 193, 

202 ; beautiful character, 210 ; 

death, 211 
Josselyn, Sir T., made K.B., 62 
Journal, King Edward's, 137, 137 «., 

227 ; last entry, 182 
Judges, 68 ; seven of them signed 

the document declaring Jane 

Queen, 204 



Kemp, Sir Thomas, knighted, 63 
Kent, Earl of, too poor to take up 

the title, 64 
Ket, Bobert, leader of the Norfolk 

insurrection, 88 
King, Dr., Bishop of Oxford, 136 
Kingston, Sir W., Knight of the 

Garter, 60 
Kitchin, Dr., Bishop of Llandaff, 

136 
Knightley, Lady, King Edward's 

cousin, 15 
Knightley, Sir Valentine, made 

K.B., 61 
Knivett, Sir Edmuud, with Dudley 

in Norfolk, 89 
Knollys, Sir Francis, challenger at 

Edward's sports, 175, 177 



Lancastrian usurpation, evils of, 18 

Langley, Sir Bobert, knighted, 63 

Latimer, Bishop, his views on en- 
closures, 29, 30 ; unfeeling re- 
marks on the execution of Lord 
Seymour of Sudeley, 85 ; sermons 
before the King, 130 ; his cha- 
racter of the King, 130 ; advo- 
cates military training, 131 ; 
denounces corruption, 131 ; 
martyrdom in the Marian terror, 
212 

Latimer, Lord, second husband of 
Catherine Parr, 5, 66 

Leicester, Earl of, see Dudley, 
Robert 

Leland's MSS., 155 ; account of, 
155 n. 

Lennox, Countess of, King Ed- 
ward's cousin, 11, 15 

Le Senay, Bastien, the King's clock- 



246 



KING EDWAED VI 



maker, 141 ; made Edward's 

astrolabe, 153 
Levant trade encouraged by King 

Edward, 156, 160 
Lexington family, 96 
Lichfield, Bishop of, see Baynes, 

Sampson 
Lincoln, Bishop of, see Taylor, 

Watson 
Lisle, Viscount, succession in 

families of Berkeley, Talbot, 

Grey, Plantagenet, Dudley, 97, 

98. Sec Pedigree, 225 
Liturgy, 72 ; due to Cranmer, 126 
Llandaff, Bishop of, see Kitchin 
London, Bishop of, see Bonner, 

Ridley 
Lucas, J., signed the document 

declaring Jane Queen, 204 
Lumley, Lord, companion of Ed- 
ward, 9, 65 
Lygarde, Nicholas, portrait painter 

to King Edward, 202 
Lytton, Sir Robert, of Knebworth, 

made K.B., 61 



Malatesta commanding the Italian 
horse, 88 

Maltravers, Lord (son of the Earl 
of Arundel), companion of Ed- 
ward, 9 ; made K.B., 53, 61 

Mann, Dr., Bishop of Sodor and 
Man, 136 

Manners, Lady Frances, wife of 
Lord Abergavenny, 65 

Margaret, see Cumberland, Countess 
of 

Marian terror, its horrors, 210, 
212 ; sons of Dudley and others 
condemned to death, 104, 105 ; 
escape, 208 ; executions — -Dudley, 
Palmer, Gates, 208 ; Act for burn- 
ing heretics re-imposed, 209 ; 
reformed religion abolished, 209 ; 
Spanish marriage, Wyatt's re- 
bellion, 210 ; executions— Duke 
of Suffolk, Lord Thomas Grey, 
Lord Guilford Dudley, 210 ; 
Queen Jane put to death, 210 ; 
Princess Elizabeth in great 
danger, 211 ; five prelates burnt 



at the stake, 212 ; 270 innocent 
people burnt, 212 ; martyrdom 
of Cranmer, 212, 213 ; persecu- 
tion of Sir J. Cheke, 214 ; Throg- 
morton tried for his life, 214 ; 
cruel death of Master Thomas, 
216 ; many escape abroad, 213, 
214 ; persecution of the Duchess 
of Suffolk, 213 ; loss of Calais, 
death of Mary, 216 
Marini, Angelo, made K.B., 62 
Markham, Sir John, carried the 
banner of Lancaster at the 
funeral of Henry VIIL, 8 ; Lieu- 
tenant of the Tower, discharged 
for allowing Somerset to walk 
abroad, 147 
Martin, Sir Rowland, knighted, 63 
Martyr, Peter, invited to England, 
made Professor of Divinity at 
Oxford, notice of, 127 ; wife's 
body dug up in the Marian terror, 
honourably re-interred, 220 
Mary of Guise, see Guise 
Mary, Queen, godmother to Ed- 
ward, 4 ; conditions of her 
presence at Court, 4 ii. ; chief 
mourner at funeral of Jane Sey- 
mour, 4 ; letter of Edward to, 7 ; 
Edward's affection for his sister, 
11 ; in the succession, though 
illegitimate by law, 4, 31 ; in- 
duced to sign a recantation, 43 ; 
defies Somerset and continues to 
have Mass, 72 ; came to London 
to visit her brother, 73 ; defied 
the Council, 166 ; visits her 
brother at Greenwich, 167 ; letter 
to Edward about his illness, 187 ; 
passed over in Edward's scheme 
for the succession, 188, 190, 191 ; 
disregard of her brother's wishes, 
197; succeeded, 206 
Mary Queen of Scots, 15, 70, 71 
Mary Tudor, Duchess of Suffolk, 31 
Mary Rose, King's ship sunk at 

Spithead, 100 
Mary Willoughby, launched at 

Deptford, 175 
Mason, Sir John, knighted, 63 ; 
Ambassador to France, Liberal 
views on free trade, 109, 138 ; 



INDEX 



247 



secretary for the French tongue, 
115 ; conversations with King 
Edward, 140 ; on the Council, 
107 ; signed the document de- 
claring Jane Queen, 204 

Mendicancy, see Vagrancy 

Merchant adventurers, 158, 159 

Ministers, see State, great officers of 

Mint masters, 4(5, 68 

Molyneux, Sir Edmund, made K.B., 
62 

Monasteries, suppression of, 26 ; 
great wealth of, squandered, 27 ; 
no substitute, as charitable in- 
stitutions' made by Henry, 27 

Money of Edward VI., 116 

Montagu, Lord, beheaded by Henry 
VIII., 19 

Montagu, Sir E., Chief Justice, 68 ; 
one of Edward's executors, 38, 
47 ; on the Council, 114 ; hesi- 
tation in drawing up the Letters 
Patent altering the succession, 
192 ; finally signed it, 204 

Mordaunt, Lord, 66 

More, Sir Thomas, beheaded, 26 ; 
treachery of Bich, 44 

Morgan, Mary's Bishop of St. 
Davids, burnt his predecessor, 
217 

Morley, Lord, 66 ; against marriage 
of priests, 72 

Morocco voyage, 156 

Morrison, Sir Bichard, Ambassador 
to the Emperor, 138 ; escaped 
abroad during the Marian tenor, 
214 

Mortier, French Ambassador, 110 

Mottisfont, seat of Lord Sandys of 
the Vine, King Edward at, 182 

Mountjoy, Lord, 65 ; companion 
of Edward, 9 

Music, Edward's love of instruc- 
tion, 7 

Musselburgh, Battle of, 70, 71 



Navy, Henry VIII. 's able admini- 
stration of, 21 ; iieet manoeuvres 
under Lord Lisle, 99-102 ; Dud- 
ley's measures to increase effi- 
ciency, 112 ; fleet in Gillingham 



Water got ready for sea, 113 ; 
French payment for Boulogne 
to be devoted to, 113 ; launch of 
ships, 175. See Harry Grace a 
Dieu 

Nevill, see Abergavenny, Lord ; 
Latimer, Lord ; Westmorland, 
Earl of 

Nevill, Lady Cecily, 63 

Nevill, Lady Dorothy, Countess of 
Oxford, 64 

Nevill, Lady Margaret, at Bugden 
with the young Brandons, 123 

Nevill, Sir Henry, Gentleman of 
the Privy Council, 69, 168, 170 ; 
challenger to all comers, 175, 177 

Nevill, Sir T., of Holt, made K.B., 62 

Nevill, Sir Thomas, knighted, 63 

Newbury, King Edward at, 182 

Newdigate, of Somerset's house- 
hold, arrested, 146 ; married the 
Duchess, 149 

Newman, Sir Thomas, knighted, 63 

Nichols, J. Gough, monograph of 
Edward VI., 231 

Norfolk insurrection, 88, 89 

Norfolk, Duke of, godfather to 
Edward, 3 ; intended execution 
by Henry, 19 ; his life saved by 
the accession of Edward, 51 ; 
Knight of the Garter, 60 

Norris, Mr., challenger at the 
sports, 175 

North, Sir Edward, Court of Aug- 
mentations, 39, 47 ; on the Pro- 
tector's Committee, 70 ; signed 
the document declaring Jane 
Queen, 204 

Northampton, Marquis of, Lord 
Parr of Kendal created, 52 ; 
Knight of the Garter, 60 ; on 
the Protector's Committee, 70 ; 
questioned respecting Lord Sude- 
ley's schemes, 79 ; refused to 
befriend his sister's child, 85 ; 
defeated by the Norfolk rebels, 
88 ; sat on Somerset's trial, 
151 ; supporter of Dudley, 108, 
188,202 ; Ambassador to France, 
110 ; on the Council, 115 ; at- 
tainder, 212 ; reinstated by 
Elizabeth, 219 



248 



KING EDWAED VI 



Northumberland, Duke of, see 
Dudley, John 

Northumberland, Earl of, alleged 
betrothal to Anne Boleyn denied 
by him, 25 ; under attainder, 180 

Norton, Sir G., made K.B., 61 

Norton, Sir John, knighted, 63 

Norwich, Bishop of, see Hopton, 
Thirlby 

Notables of the realm signed the 
Letters Patent for Jane to be 
Queen, 193, 202-204 

Nowell, Dr. A., head master of 
Westminster, his catechism, 
133 ; returned to England after 
the Marian terror, and received 
preferment from Elizabeth, 219 



Oatlanps, Edward's country home, 
after his accession, 58, 171, 180 

Ogle, Lord, 65 

Oglethorpe, Bishop of Carlisle, 
crowned Queen Elizabeth, 217 

Ormonde, Earl of, companion of 
Edward, 9 ; K.B. at the coro- 
nation, 61 ; at King Edward's 
sports, 176. See Barnaby 

Ossory, Upper, Lord of, 8. See 
Barnaby 

Owen, Dr., physician to King Ed- 
ward, 4, 69, 187 ; at Edward's 
death bed, 195 

Owers, the French fleet had to get 
an offing to clear, 101 

Oxford, Dr. Cox, Dean of Christ 
Church, 6 ; Peter Martyr, Pro- 
fessor of Divinity, 127 ; William 
Thomas, student at, 138 

Oxford, Bishop of, see King 

Oxford, Earl of, K.B., at the coro- 
nation, 61, 64 ; at King Edward's 
funeral, 199 ; signed the docu- 
ment declaring Jane Queen, 202 

Oxford, Countess of (Lady Dorothy 
Nevill), 64 



Pagenham, Sir Hugh, father of 

Edward's nurse, 4 
Paget, Sir William, Lord Paget of 

Beaudesert, Secretary of State 



under Henry VIII., 36; plot 
against the provisions of Henry's 
Will, 36, 49; one of Henry's 
executors, 38 ; his birth and 
career, 40 ; responsible for Somer- 
set being made Protector, 41 ; 
insatiable robber of Church 
property, 41 ; character, 41 ; 
announces Henry's alleged in- 
tentions about creating peers, 
51 ; Knight of the Garter, 61 ; 
with Somerset at Hampton Court 
and Windsor, 89, 92 ; not on the 
second Council, but restored, 
106 ; created a peer, 107, 114 ; 
arrested with Somerset, but re- 
leased, 146 ; sat on Somerset's 
trial, 151 ; signed the document 
declaring Jane Queen, 203 ; inter- 
fered to check Mary's executions, 
saved the Dudleys, 211, 212 

Painters to Edward VI., 202 

Paladye, Richard, Somerset's Clerk 
of the Works, sent to the Tower 
and fined, 93 

Palmer, Sir Thomas, with Dudley, 
in Norfolk, 89 ; conspirator with 
Somerset, 145; disclosed the plot 
to Dudley, 146 ; a trine, 145 n. ; 
beheaded, 208 

Papal Supremacy, abolition of, 25 ; 
death of More, Fisher, Carthu- 
sians, &c, 26 

Papists, concealed, Bishop Tun- 
stall, 46 ; Sir Anthony Browne 
45 ; Peckham, 46 ; Sir W. Petre 
39 

Parfoy, Bishop of St. Asaph, 136 
Bishop of Hereford, 217 

Parliaments of Richard III., 29 
of Henry VIII., 20; deaths by 
Bills of Attainder, 20 ; repeal of 
Henry's oppressive laws, 71 ; 
bills to settle enclosure question 
rejected, 74, 75 ; religious legis- 
lation, 72, 111 ; Mary's Parlia- 
ment, 209 

Parr, Catherine, see Catherine 

Parr, of Kendal, Lord, 39, 42, 66. 
See Northampton, Marquis of 

Parratt, Sir John, challenger 
Edward's sports, 175, 177 



INDEX 



249 



Partridge, Sir Miles, conspirator 
with Somerset, arrested and con- 
demned, 145, 146 

Paston, Mr., challenger at Ed- 
ward's sports, 175 

Paston, Sir Thomas, sent against 
the Norfolk rebels, 88 

Pates, Mary's Bishop of Worcester, 
217 

Paulet, Giles, companion of Ed- 
ward, 9 ; called Earl of Wilt- 
shire when his father became 
Marquis of Winchester. See 
Wiltshire 

Paulet, Lord St. John, of Basing, 
38, 43, 66. See Winchester, 
Marquis of 

Pearson, Martyr, burnt in the 
Slopes at Windsor, 28 

Peckham, Sir Edmund, Master of 
the Mint, 39, 68 ; notice of, 45 ; 
at Ely Place, 90 ; retired from 
the Council, 106 

Peers, creations by first Council of 
Edward VI., 51 ; list of the old 
nobility, 64, 65 ; Tudor crea- 
tions, 66 ; creations and pro- 
motions during the minority, 67 ; 
old nobility added to the Coun- 
cil, 106 ; on Somerset's trial, 
150 ; at King Edward's funeral, 
199 ; twenty-three peers and nine 
eldest sons signed the document 
declaring Jane Queen, 202-203 

Pembroke, Earl of, see Herbert 

Pembroke, Countess, received Mary 
of Guise at Hampton Court, 120 

Penne,Sybil,Edward's head nurse,4 

Penshurst, 169 

Percy, see Northumberland, Earl of 

Peterborough, Bishop of, see Cham- 
bre, Poole 

Petre, Sir William, Secretary of 
State, 47 ; with Somerset at 
Hampton Court, 89 ; on the 
Council, 116 ; Edward's Will in 
his handwriting, 195 ; signed the 
document declaring Jane Queen, 
204 ; made his peace, 215 

Petworth, King Edward at, 180 

Philip II., 209, 211 ; interfered to 
save Elizabeth and others, 211 



Pickering, Sir William, knighted, 
63 ; Ambassador to France, 109, 
138 ; present of a diamond to 
Elizabeth, 167 ; Barnaby to live 
with him, at Paris, 178 

Pierpoint, Sir George, knighted, 63 

Pilotage, King Edward's study of, 
155 

Plantagenet, Arthur, Viscount 
Lisle, Dudley's stepfather, see 
Lisle 

Poland, King of, see Sigismund 

Pole, Cardinal, 16, 217 

Pole, Lady Catherine, Countess of 
Huntingdon, 64 

Ponet, Dr., Bishop of Winchester, 
111, 136 

Poole, Mary's Bishop of Peter- 
borough, burnt one victim, 217 

Porte, Sir John, made K.B., 62 

Portraits of King Edward, 201 

Portsmouth, Henry VIII. at, 100, 
101 ; King Edward at, 181 

Prayer Book, 72, 126; second, 128 ; 
abolished by Mary, 209 ; restored 
by Queen Elizabeth, 218 

Primrose, King's ship, launch at 
Deptford, 175 

Progress, King Edward's, 180-182 

Protectorate, intrigues of Seymour 
and Paget, 36, 49 ; Seymour 
made Protector, 51 

Protector Somerset, made Duke of 
Somerset, 52, 67; usurped the 
powers of the Council, 51 ; de- 
prived Wriothesley of the Chan- 
cellorship, 52 ; treatment of King 
Edward by, 58 ; Knight of the 
Garter, 60 ; his good intentions, 
treatment of the Council, war 
with Scotland, 70 ; repeal of 
Henry's oppressive laws, 71, 72 ; 
despotic proceedings, 73; rapa- 
city in appropriating church 
property, 73 ; enclosure question, 
74, 75 ; angry at his brother's 
marriage, 76 ; vexatious treat- 
ment of the Queen Dowager, 76 ; 
arrested his brother, 79 ; charges 
against his brother, 80 ; his 
brother beheaded, 84 ; disastrous 
state of affairs, 89 ; went to 



250 



KING EDWARD VI 



Hampton Court, 89 ; flight to 
Windsor, 91 ; taken to the Tower, 
93 ; released, 94 ; his plot 
against the Council, 145 ; tried 
and condemned, 147, 148 ; a 
melancholy story, 149 ; Edward's 
conduct correct, 149, 150. See 
Seymour, Edward 
Putney, King Edward went by water 
to, 180 

Qcadkant, King Edward's, 153 n. 

Radcliff, Sir John, knighted, 63 

Rainsford, Sir William, knighted, 
63 

Reading, King Edward at, 182 

Regunete, Count, at sports at 
Sheen, 172 

Religion, Act for Communion in 
both kinds, 72 ; Liturgy, Act of 
Uniformity, marriage of priests, 
72; Articles of Religion, 129; 
Mary's destructive work, 209 ; 
Edward's good work restored by 
Elizabeth, 218 

Renard, Simon, Emperor's am- 
bassador to Mary, his lies, 148 n., 
207 n. 

Rich, Richard, Solicitor-General, 
39, 44 ; tortured Anne Askew, 
44 ; betrayed Sir T. More, 44 ; 
created Lord Rich, 52 ; made 
Lord Chancellor, 52, 71 ; at Ely 
Place, 90 ; retired, 107 ; on the 
Council, 115 ; sat on Somer- 
set's trial, 151 ; signed the docu- 
ment declaring Jane Queen, 203 

Richmond, Duchess of, escorted 
Mary of Guise, 120, 122 

Ridley, Dr., Bishop of London, 
kindness to Bonner's old mother, 
111 ; sermons before the King, 
130 ; signed the document 
declaring Jane Queen, 203 ; 
martyrdom, 212 

Robotham, R., Master of the 
Robes, 69 

Robsart, Amy, see Dudley, Robert 

Rochester, Mary's Controller, 72, 
209 



Rochester, Bishop of, see Ponet, 
Scory, Morris (Griffln) 

Rogers, Sir Edward, knighted, 63 ; 
married to Mary Seymour, 15 ; 
appointed to be about the King, 
118 

Ruding on Edward's efforts to 
restore the coinage, 142 

Russell, Sir F., made K.B., 61 

Russell, Sir John, Earl of Bedford, 
one of Henry's executors, 38 ; 
Lord Privy Seal, notice of, 42 ; 
cruelty in Devonshire, 88; on 
his way from Devonshire, 89, 91 ; 
created Earl of Bedford, 107; 
supported Dudley, 108 ; on the 
Council, 115 ; appropriated 
Covent Garden and Long Acre, 
126 ; sat on Somerset's trial, 
151 ; signed the document de- 
claring Jane Queen, 203 ; his 
eldest son also signed, 203 

Russian trade to the White Sea 
opened by Edward, 2, 160 

Rutland, Earl of, questioned re- 
specting Lord Sudeley's designs, 
79 ; evidence at Somerset's trial, 
147, 150 

Rutland, Countess of, escorted 
Mary of Guise, 121 

Ryce, Sir John, knighted, 62 

Ryder, John, Edward's cofferer, 5 



Sackville, Sir R., signed the docu- 
ment declaring Jane Queen, 204 
Sadleir, Sir Ralph, one of the 
assistants to Henry's executors, 
39 ; notice of, 45 ; Master of the 
Wardrobe, 69 ; his charge at 
Musselburgh, 70 ; sent against 
Norfolk rebels, 88 ; at Ely Place, 
90 ; on the Council, 114 ; signed 
the document declaring Jane 
Queen, 204 
St. Asaph, Bishop of, see Parfoy 
St. Davids, Bishop of, see Ferrar, 

Morgan 
St. James's, Mary lodging at, 73 
St. Leger, Sir Anthony, Knight of 
the Garter, 60; signed the docu- 
ment declaring Jane Queen, 204 



INDEX 



251 



St. Michael, order of, for Edward 
VI., 110, 119 

Salcot (alias Capon), Dr., Bishop 
of Salisbury, 136, 217 

Salisbury, King Edward at, 182 

Salisbury, Bishop of, see Salcot, 
Capon 

Salisbury, Sir John, knighted, 63 

Salmon, Christopher, Edward's 
page, at his death bed, 195 

Sampson, Bishop of Lichfield, 13G 

Sandys of the Vine, Lord, 66. See 
Mottisfont 

Sapcote, Anne, heiress of Chenies, 
married J. Eussell, Earl of Bed- 
ford, 42 

Savage, Sir John and Sir Walter, 
knighted, 63 

Scipperus, naval commander of 
Charles V., 112 

Scory, Dr., Bishop of Chichester, 
136 

Scotland, war with, 70, 88, 89 

Scott, Mary's Bishop of Chester, 217 

Scrope, Sir H., made K.B., 61 

Seymour, A., arrested with Somer- 
set, 146 

Seymour, Anne, married to J. 
Dudley, Earl of Warwick, 15, 
94, 171, 189 ; secondly to Sir E. 
Umpton, 15 

Seymour, Dorothy, married Sir 
Clement Smith, 10, 14 

Seymour, Edward, Earl of Hert- 
ford, Duke of Somerset, birth 
and early life, 33 ; at Edward's 
christening, 3 ; Edward never 
felt much affection for, 10 ; his 
services, 34, 35 ; his character, 

34 ; marriage with Catherine 
Fillol, 34 ; created Viscount 
Beauchamp of Hache, 34 ; and 
Earl of Hertford, 34 ; second 
marriage with Anne Stanhope, 

35 ; plot against the provisions 
of Henry's will, 36, 49 ; one of 
Henry's executors, 38 ; an- 
nounced his accession to Ed- 
ward, 50. See Protector Somerset 

Seymour, Edward, the Protector's 
eldest son, of Berry Pomeroy, 15 ; 
disinherited, 36 



Seymour, Edward, eldest by second 
marriage, Edward's companion, 
9, 11 ; made K.B. at Edward's 
coronation, 61 

Seymour, Elizabeth, married to 
Gregory, Lord Cromwell, 10, 14 

Seymour, Elizabeth, Lady Knight- 
ley, 15 

Seymour, Henry, the King's uncle, 
14 ; made K.B. at the corona- 
tion, 61 

Seymour, Jane, the Queen, 3; birth 
of her son, death, funeral, 4 

Seymour, Sir John, of Wolf Hall, 
33 

Seymour, Margaret, 15 

Seymour, Mary, Lady Bogers, 15 

Seymour, Thomas, Lord Seymour 
of Sudeley, 10, 14, 59 ; birth and 
early services, 37 ; character, 38 ; 
vice-admiral, 39 ; created Baron 
Seymour of Sudeley and made 
Lord High Admiral, 39, 52; 
entertainmentJgiven by, after the 
coronation, 58 ; Knight of the 
Garter, 60 ; visited Mary at St. 
James's, 73 ; work as Lord High 
Admiral, 76 ; married the Queen 
Dowager, 76 ; dissatisfied with 
his position as regards the King, 
77 ; chose Lady Jane Grey for 
the future Queen, 77 ; tried to 
form a party against Somerset, 
79 ; arrested, 79 ; charges against 
him analysed, 80-82 ; refused to 
be examined by enemies, 83 ; 
condemned by Bill of Attainder, 
84 ; unfeeling remarks of Lati- 
mer, 85 ; lines on him by John 
Harington, 86 

Seymour Place, near Temple Bar, 
Lord Sudeley's house, 52 

Sharrington, Sir William, made 
K.B., 62 ; Mint Master at Bris- 
tol, 68 ; mentioned in the charges 
against Lord Sudeley, 82 ; con- 
verted by Latimer's sermon, 132 

Sheen, one of Edward's homes, 58 
marriages and sports at, 171 

Sheffield, Sir T., created Lord 
Sheffield, 52; killed by Norfolk 
rebels, 88 



252 



KING EDWAED VI 



Shrewsbury, Earl of, 9 ; Knight of 
the Garter, 60, 64 ; on the Coun- 
cil, 89, 90, 106, 115 ; supported 
Dudley, 108, 188; at King Ed- 
ward's funeral, 199 ; signed the 
document declaring Jane Queen, 
202 

Sigismund, King of Poland, 
Duchess of Suffolk took refuge 
with, 213 

Six Articles Act, persecution 
under, 28 

Skelton, Sir John, knighted, 63 

Smith, Sir Clement, married King 
Edward's aunt, 10, 14, 34 

Smith, John, the King's cousin, 15 

Smith, Sir Thomas, Secretary 
of State, notice of, 48 ; with 
Somerset at Hampton Court, 89 ; 
loyal to the Protector, 93 ; re- 
tired from the Council, 106 ; 
not molested during the Marian 
terror, 215 ; employed by Eliza- 
beth, 221 

Sneath, Sir W., made K.B., 62 

Somerset, Sir W., made K.B., 61 

Somerset, Duke of, see Seymour, 
Edward, Protector Somerset 

Somerset, Duchess of, Anne Stan- 
hope, jealousy of Edward's re- 
lations, her quarrels, 58, 59 ; 
evil influence, 59 ; furious at 
Sudeley's marriage, 76; influence 
in Sudeley's death, 85 ; rapacity, 
unfeeling treatment of Catherine 
Parr's infant, 85 ; mischievous 
influence over her husband, 146, 
149 ; arrested, 146 ; married Mr. 
Newdigate, death, 149 

Southampton, King Edward at, 
181 

Southampton, Earl of, Wriothes- 
ley, 38, 43, 52, 90, 93 ; died, 106 ; 
his country seat, 181 

Southampton, Earl of, Fitzwilliam, 
180 

Southwell, Sir Eichard, 39 ; notice 
of, 44 ; sent against Norfolk 
rebels, 88 ; at Ely Place, 90 ; 
retired from the Council, 106 ; 
signed the document declaring 
Jane Queen, 204 



Spithead, fleet under Lord Lisle 
at, 100 ; Mary Rose sunk at, 
101 

Sports, King Edward's, 171-176 

Spring, Sir John, knighted, 63 

Stafford, Lord, restored in blood, 
65 

Stafford, Sir Humphrey, knighted, 
63 

Stafford, Sir William, challenger 
at sports, 175, 176 

Stanhope, Anne, see Somerset, 
Duchess of 

Stanhope, Sir Michael, Chief 
Gentleman of the Privy Cham- 
ber, 58 ; with Somerset at Hamp- 
ton Court, 90 ; arrested, 146 ; 
condemned, 148 

Stanley, W., Gentleman of the 
Privy Chamber, 69, 171 

State, great officers of, 68 

Sternhold, Dr., instructed Edward 
in music, 7 

Stourton, Lord, 65 ; sat on Somer- 
set's trial, 150; at King Ed- 
ward's funeral, 199 

Stow's Chronicle, 230 

Strange, Lord, son of the Earl of 
Derby, companion of Edward, 
9 ; made K.B. at the coronation, 
61 ; Gentleman of the Privy 
Chamber, 69 ; evidence at 
Somerset's trial, 147 ; signed 
the document declaring Jane 
Queen, 203 

Stretes, Guillim, Edward's portrait 
painter, 201, 202 

Strype, ' Ecclesiastical Memorials,' 
Lives of Cranmer and Cheke, 
230 

Succession, Act empowering Henry 
VIII. to settle it by Will, 20, 31 ; 
alteration by King Edward, 190- 
192 ; Letters Patent drawn up, 
192 ; signed by the Council, 
twenty-six Peers and nine eldest 
sons of Peers, Officers of State, 
Speaker, Law Officers, Judges, 
Lord Mayor, City Merchants, 
193, 202-204 

Sudeley Castle granted to Lord 
Seymour of Sudeley, 52, 78 



INDEX 



253 



Suffolk, Earl of, put to death by 
Henry, 19, 22 

Suffolk, Duke of (Charles Brandon), 
godfather to Edward, 3 ; 
knighted Dudley, 98 

Suffolk, Duchess of, Lady Wil- 
loughby d'Eresby, 9 ; infant 
child of Catherine Parr sent to, 
85; deaths of her sons, 122, 123, 
124 ; resigned letter to Cecil, 
124 ; persecution during the 
Marian terror, 124 ; refuge with 
the King of Poland, 213 ; return 
on Elizabeth's accession, 220 

Suffolk, Duke of (Henry Brandon), 
companion of Edward, 9 ; made 
K.B., 61 ; illness and death, 123- 
124 

Suffolk, Duke of (Grey), created, 
107 ; signed the document de- 
claring Jane Queen, 188, 202 ; 
supported Dudley, 108 ; on the 
Council, 115; beheaded, 209, 
210. See Dorset 

Suffolk, Duchess of (Grey), 11, 15, 
120, 121. See Dorset 

Surrey, Earl of, beheaded by 
Henry VIII., 19, 64; betrayed 
by Southwell, 44 

Sussex, Earl of, 9, 66 ; sat on 
Somerset's trial, 150 ; at King 
Edward's funeral, 199 

Sutton, the old name of the Dud- 
leys, 96 

Sydney, Sir Henry, friend of 
Edward VI., 1 ; Gentleman of 
the Privy Chamber, 69 ; married 
Lady Mary Dudley, 103, 105; 
knighted, 107 ; King's com- 
panion, 141 ; worked for the 
despatch of long sea voyages 
with the king, 156 ; in com- 
munication with the merchant 
adventurers for the despatch of 
an Arctic Expedition, 158 ; his 
friend Sir Hugh Willoughby to 
command, 159 ; his servant 
Chancellor second, 159 ; notice 
of, succeeds to Penshurst, 169 ; 
speech to the merchant adven- 
turers, 159 ; challenge to all 
comers, 175, 177 ; attended 



Edward in his last illness, 193- 
195; signed the document de- 
claring Jane Queen, 204; not 
molested during the Marian 
terror, 214; distinguished ser- 
vices in Ireland under Elizabeth, 
221 ; knighted Barnaby, 222 ; 
helped Sir Martin Frobisher, 222 ; 
pedigree, 225 
Sydney, Sir Philip, 103, 105, 169 
Sydney, William, 4 ; Edward's 
Chamberlain, 5 ; at Flodden, 169 

Talbot, Lord, son of the Earl of 
Shrewsbury, companion of Ed- 
ward, 9 ; made K.B. at the 
coronation, 61 ; signed the docu- 
ment declaring Jane Queen, 
203 

Tavistock, acquired by J. Russell, 
Earl of Bedford, 42 

Taylor, Dr., Bishop of Lincoln, 136 

Temperance, Sister, Edward VI.'s 
name for Elizabeth, 7, 218 

Terence, taught at Westminster, 
133 

Testwood, Martyr under Six Articles 
Act, 28 

Thirlby, Dr., Bishop of Westmin- 
ster, on Henry's Council but not 
executor, 48 ; translated to Nor- 
wich, then to Ely, 136, 217 

Thomas, Master William, Clerk of 
the Council, his description of 
young Edward, 11; notice of, 138 ; 
Edward's political instructor, 
139, 170 ; his works, 139 »., 228 ; 
supplied the King with notes on 
the coinage, 140, 142 ; trans- 
lated the travels of Barbaro for 
the King, 157, 158 ; persecuted, 
215 ; cruel death during the 
Marian terror, 216 ; respect 
shown to his memory by Eliza- 
beth, 221 

Throgmorton, Sir Nicholas, friend 
of Lord Seymour of Sudeley, 77, 
170 ; Gentleman of the Privy 
Chamber, 69 ; medium of com- 
munication between the King 
and Master Thomas, 139, 170 ; 



254 



KING EDWAED VI 



beloved by King Edward, 170; 
attended Edward during his last 
illness, 193 ; signed the docu- 
ment declaring Jane Queen, 204 ; 
tried for his life during the 
Marian terror, 214 ; favoured by 
Queen Elizabeth, 221 

Thynne, Sir John, steward of 
Somerset's household, 59 ; with 
Somerset at Hampton Court, 90 ; 
sent to the Tower, 93 

Titchfield Abbey, granted to 
Wriothesley, 43; King Edward 
at, 181 

Toto, Anthony, portrait painter to 
King Edward, 202 

Tower of London, Edward taken 
to on his accession, 50, 52 ; 
Somerset and his accomplices 
sent to, 93, 147; Sir John 
Markham dismissed from the 
Lieutenancy for allowing Somer- 
set to walk abroad, 147 ; Princess 
Elizabeth in, 211 

Treason Acts, 20, 71, 114 

Tresham, Sir Thomas, with 
Dudley in Norfolk, 89 

Tudor usurpation, 3 n., 17, 19 

Tunstall, Dr., Bishop of Durham, 
136 ; one of Henry's executors, 
38 ; notice of, 46; on the Council, 
114 ; imprisoned, 111, 217 

Turberville, J., Mary's Bishop of 
Exeter, 217 

Tye, Dr., composer, taught music 
to Edward, 7 

Tyrell, Mr., challenger at King 
Edward's sports, 176 

Tytler, ' England under Edward 
VI.,' 231 

Tyttenhanger, one of Edward's 
homes, 6 



Ulster King of Arms, office 
created by Edward, 180 

Umpton, Sir A., made K.B., 61 ; 
second husband of Anne Sey- 
mour, 15 

Uniformity, Act of, 72, 111, 209, 218 

Upper Ossory, Baron of, see Bar- 
naby 



Vagrancy, 27, 72 

Vane, Sir Balph, conspirator with 

Somerset, 145 ; collected arms 

in Somerset's house, arrested 

and condemned, 146, 147 
Vaughan, of Somerset's household, 

secured for his evidence, 146 
Vaughan, Cuthbert, Master of the 

Dogs, 69 ; narrowly escapes 

during the Marian terror, 215 
Vaughan, Sir John, knighted, 

63 
Vaux, Lord, 66 ; sat on Somerset's 

trial, 151 
Vere, see Oxford, Earl of 
Vernon, Sir George of the Peak, 

made K.B., 62 
Voysey, Dr., Bishop of Exeter, 

136 



Waldegrave, Sir William, sent 
against the Norfolk rebels, 86 

Waltham, King Edward at, 180 

Warblington, seat of Sir R. Cotton, 
King Edward at, 180 

Warcup, Mr., challenger at Ed- 
ward's sports, 175, 176 

Warwick, Earl of, J. Dudley 
created, 52. See Dudley 

Warwick, Earl of, J. Dudley's eld- 
est son, 120. See Dudley, John 

Watson, Dr., Mary's Bishop of 
Lincoln, burnt one victim, 217 

Wendy, Dr., at King Edward's 
death bed, 195 

Wentworth, Lord, 15, 66 ; sent 
against the Norfolk rebels, 88; 
at Ely Place with the Council, 
90 ; appointment about the 
King, 118 ; sat on Somerset's 
trial, 151 ; signed the document 
declaring Jane Queen, 203 

Wentworth, Sir Henry, 63 

Wentworth, Sir John, knighted, 
63 

Wentworth, Sir Philip, 63 

West Country, see Devonshire 

Westminster Abbey, Coronation of 
Edward VI., 54-57; funeral of 
King Edward, 197-200 ; position 
of King Edward's grave, 199 



INDEX 



255 



Westminster Hall, Coronation 
feast in, 58 

Westminster (Whitehall) Palace, 
58, 120, 121, 130, 140, 141, 171 

Westminster School, Dr. Nowell 
head master, Terence taught at, 
133 

Westminster Bishopric abolished, 
111 

Westminster, Dean of, see Benson, 
Cox 

Westmorland, Earl of, Knight of 
the Garter, 60, 64 ; on the Coun- 
cil, 106, 115; signed the docu- 
ment declaring Jane Queen, 
203 

Whalley, Somerset's servant, sent 
to the Tower and fined, 93 

Wharton, Lord, 66 ; against mar- 
riage of priests, 72; sat on 
Somerset's trial, 151 

White Sea, Bussian trade opened 
under the auspices of Edward 
VI., 2 

Whitehall (Palace called Westmin- 
ster by King Edward) 

Wilder, Philip van, taught Edward 
to play the lute, 7 

Williams, Lord, challenger at 
sports, 175 

Williams, Sir John, master of the 
jewel house, 69 

Willoughby, Lord, son of the 
Duchess of Suffolk, 213, 220 

Willoughby of Parham, Lord, with 
Dudley in Norfolk, 89 ; creation, 
107 ; sat on Somerset's trial, 
151 ; signed the document de- 
claring Jane Queen, 203 

Willoughby d'Eresby, Lady, see 
Duchess of Suffolk 

Willoughby, Sir Hugh, commander 
of the Arctic Expedition, 159, 161 

Wilton acquired by Sir William 
Herbert, 42 ; King Edward at, 
182 

Wiltshire, Earl of, created, 52 ; at 
Ely Place with the rest of the 
Council, 90 ; when made Mar- 
quis of Winchester his son was 
called Earl of Wiltshire. See 
Paulet, Winchester 



Winchester, King Edward at, 182 

Winchester, Bishop of, see Gar- 
diner, Ponet 

Winchester, Marquis of, Knight 
of the Garter, 60 ; on the Pro- 
tector's Committee, 70 ; creation, 
107 ; supported Dudley, 108 ; on 
the Council, 115 ; Lord Steward 
at Somerset's trial, 147, 150 ; 
chief mourner at King Edward's 
funeral, 199 ; signed the docu- 
ment declaring Jane Queen, 202. 
See Paulet, Wiltshire 

Windham, Captain, in the Morocco 
voyage, 157 

Windham, Sir John, knighted, 63 

Windsor, martyrs burnt in the 
Slopes at, 28 ; one of Edward's 
homes, 58 ; flight of Somerset 
to, 91, 92 ; King Edward at, 182 

Windsor, Lord, made K.B., 61, 66 ; 
against the marriage of priests, 
72 ; sat on Somerset's trial, 151 ; 
at King Edward's funeral, 199 ; 
signed the document declaring 
Jane Queen, 203 

Wingfield, Sir Anthony, Captain of 
the Guard at Henry's funeral, 8 ; 
Vice-Chancellor, one of the as- 
sistants to Henry's executors, 
39 ; notice of, 45 ; Knight of the 
Garter, 60 ; Controller, 69 ; ar- 
rested Somerset at Windsor, 93 ; 
on the Council, 115 

Winter, Captain, consulted by King 
Edward, 156 ; defends a castle 
in sports on the river, 172 

Wolf, servant of Somerset, sent to 
the Tower and fined, 93 

Wolsey, Cardinal, 22, 23, 29, 98 

Woodlands, King Edward at, 181 

Woodstock, Elizabeth sent to, 211 

Worcester, Bishop of, see Heath, 
Pates 

Worcester, Earl of, 66 ; sat on 
Somerset's trial, 150 ; at King 
Edward's funeral, 199 ; signed 
the document declaring Jane 
Queen, 203 

Wotton, Dr., Dean of Canterbury, 
executor, 39, 47 ; on the Council, 
116 



256 



KING EDWAED VI 



Wotton, Sir E., treasurer of Calais, 
39, 47, 90 

Wriothesley, Lord Chancellor, Earl 
of Southampton, 51 ; one of 
Henry's executors, 38 ; notice 
of, 43 ; induced Mary to sign her 
recantation, 43 ; tortured Anne 
Askew with his own hands, 43 
opposed Somerset, who deprived 
him of the Chancellorship, 52 
Knight of the Garter, 60 ; took 
Somerset to the Tower, 93 
death, 106. See Southampton 

Wroth, Sir Thomas, knighted, 63 
Gentleman of the Privy Cham- 
ber, 69, 118; helped the King 
in promoting long sea voyages, 
156 ; adventurer in the Morocco 
voyage, 157 ; King Edward's 



friendship for, 169, 170 ; at 
tended Edward in his last illness, 
193, 195 ; signed the document 
declaring Jane Queen, 204 ; 
escaped abroad during the Ma- 
rian terror, 214 ; returned and 
was warmly received by Queen 
Elizabeth, 220 
Wyatt, Sir Thomas, rebellion, 209, 
210 ; confessions, 216 n. 

Yokk, Archbishop of, see Heath, 

Holgate 
York, Sir J., Mint master in South- 

wark, 68 

Zouch, Lord, 65 ; sat on Somerset 
trial, 150 



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